Microbiology Terminology Quiz

Bacteriology

Dysbiosis

Bioremediation

Endotoxin

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Germ Theory

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller in size

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Parasitology

False

False

False

False

False

False

False

False

False

False

Bioremediation

extreme

genes

nucleus

genus

infections

disease

hosts

membrane-bound

80S

Louis Pasteur = Discoveries in vaccination, pasteurization, and microbial fermentation Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp = Pioneering work in antiseptic procedures and hand hygiene in obstetric clinics Van Leeuwenhoek, Antony = Development of the microscope and first observation of microorganisms Joseph Lister = Introduction of sterile surgical techniques

Ubiquitous = Present or found everywhere Virulence = Degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism Peptidoglycan = Structural component of bacterial cell walls Species (specific epithet) = The lowest taxonomic rank below genus

Organelles = Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells performing specific functions Ribosome (70S, 80S) = Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, differing in size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Unicellular = Comprising a single cell Chromosome = Thread-like structure carrying genetic information in the nucleus

Virology = Study of viruses including structure, replication, and pathogenesis Parasitology = Study of parasites including taxonomy and life cycles Taxonomy = Classification and organization of organisms based on shared characteristics Mycology = Study of fungi including taxonomy and morphology

Bioremediation = The process of using microorganisms to degrade or neutralize pollutants in the environment, such as oil spills or contaminated soil Chromosome = A thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic information in the form of genes Binomial nomenclature = The system of naming organisms in which each organism is given a two-part name consisting of its genus and species Dysbiosis = An imbalance or disruption in the normal microbiota of a particular environment, such as the human gut

Archaea = A domain of single-celled microorganisms that are prokaryotic, distinct from bacteria, and often found in extreme environments Binary Fission = A method of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells Domain = The highest taxonomic rank of organisms, above kingdom, representing the three major groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Animalcules = A term historically used to describe microscopic organisms, particularly those observed by early microscopists like Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Bacteriology = The branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of bacteria, including their morphology, genetics, ecology, and pathogenicity Mycology = The branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, morphology, and ecology Virology = The branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of viruses and viral diseases Parasitology = The branch of biology that deals specifically with the study of parasites, including their taxonomy, morphology, and interactions with hosts

Disease = A pathological condition of an organism that impairs normal physiological functioning and is typically characterized by specific symptoms Chromosome = A thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic information in the form of genes Domain = The highest taxonomic rank of organisms, above kingdom, representing the three major groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Prokaryotes = Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Binary Fission = A method of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells Bioremediation = The process of using microorganisms to degrade or neutralize pollutants in the environment, such as oil spills or contaminated soil Ribosomes = Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis Dysbiosis = An imbalance or disruption in the normal microbiota of a particular environment, such as the human gut

Germ Theory = Louis Pasteur's theory proposing that certain diseases are caused by microorganisms invading the body Spontaneous Generation = The theory that living organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living matter Pasteurization = Louis Pasteur's method for killing bacteria in food products by heat treatment Binomial Nomenclature = The system introduced by Carl Linnaeus for naming organisms using genus and species names

Exotoxin = A toxin produced and secreted by certain bacteria into the surrounding environment, often causing specific symptoms of disease Endotoxin = A toxin that is released from the cell wall of certain bacteria when they die or undergo lysis, often causing inflammatory responses in the host Germ Theory = The theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the 19th century Koch's Postulate = A set of criteria proposed by Robert Koch to establish a causal relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease

Eukaryotes/Eukaryotic = Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Multicellular = Organisms composed of multiple cells that are specialized for various functions and organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems Microbes = Microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists Microorganisms = Organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and archaea

Nucleus = A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities Nucleoid area = In prokaryotic cells, a region where the genetic material (DNA) is located, but not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus Ribosomes = Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis Chromosome = A thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic information in the form of DNA

Normal Microbiota = The community of microorganisms that colonize the body surfaces of multicellular organisms Microbiota = See Normal Microbiota Mycology = The branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, morphology, ecology, and pathology Mycorrhiza = A symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant

Enterohemorrhagic disease = A type of infectious disease caused by certain strains of Escherichia coli, characterized by severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea, and sometimes kidney failure Hemolytic uremic syndrome = A condition characterized by the destruction of red blood cells, acute kidney failure, and low platelet count, often associated with certain bacterial infections Shiga Toxin-Producing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome = A serious complication of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection, characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and low platelet count Infectious disease = A disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites

Joseph Lister = A British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery, known for introducing sterile surgical techniques to prevent postoperative infections Louis Pasteur = Known for his work in vaccination, pasteurization, and microbial fermentation, and his contributions to the germ theory of disease Robert Koch = Proposed Koch's Postulate to establish a causal relationship between microorganisms and specific diseases Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch = Proposed the Germ Theory which states that diseases are caused by microorganisms invading the body

Binary Fission

Binomial nomenclature

Dysbiosis

Domain

Bacteriology

Shiga Toxin-Producing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Germ Theory

Micrometer (mm)

antiseptic

nucleus

hosts

virulence

bacteria

phylum

extreme

Chromosome

The highest taxonomic rank of organisms

Dysbiosis

Bacteria morphology

Binary Fission

Hemolytic anemia

Location of production

Nucleoid area

They require host cells to replicate and survive.

Family

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Parasitology

Joseph Lister

Phylum

Bioremediation

To form a protective layer outside the cell wall

Cell wall

To allow bacteria to navigate towards attractants or away from repellents

Differential stain

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

Endospores

Contribute to their characteristic resistance to staining

Negative stain

Separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Aiding in adherence

Vibrio

Sporulation

Irregular clusters

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Transport vesicle

Coccus

Eukaryote

Fluid mosaic

Bacillus

nucleic

wall

Mycolic

cytoplasm

osmosis

Bacterial

smear

Sporulation

Tumble

Virology

Virulence

Cytoplasm/Cytosol = The gel-like substance within a cell, excluding the organelles, where cellular processes occur. Mitochondria = Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells involved in energy production through aerobic respiration. Lysosomes = Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes involved in intracellular digestion and waste removal. Endospores = Dormant, highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Antigen = A substance that triggers an immune response, typically by binding to specific antibodies or T cells. Cell envelope = The outermost layers of a bacterial cell, consisting of the cell membrane and cell wall. Basic dyes = Positively charged dyes that bind to negatively charged structures in bacterial cells, such as nucleic acids. Biofilm = A community of microorganisms attached to a surface and surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix.

Bacillus shape = A rod-shaped bacterial morphology. Capsule = A protective layer outside the cell wall of some bacteria, composed of polysaccharides or proteins. Cell arrangement = The spatial organization of bacterial cells, such as singles, pairs, chains, clusters, or tetrads. Cell wall = A rigid structure outside the cell membrane that provides structural support and protection to bacterial cells.

Gram Staining = A staining technique that differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on cell wall composition. Endospore Stain = A staining technique used to visualize bacterial endospores, typically involving heat and multiple dye applications. Differential Stains = Staining techniques that differentiate between different types of bacteria or structures within bacterial cells based on their reactions to multiple dyes. Heat Fixation = A technique used to affix bacterial cells to a microscope slide by briefly heating the slide after applying the sample.

Gram Negative = Bacteria that stain pink or red in the Gram staining procedure and have a thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. Gram Positive = Bacteria that stain purple in the Gram staining procedure and have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. Extracellular = Located outside the cell. Intracellular = Located within the cell.

Capsule Stain = A staining technique used to visualize bacterial capsules, typically involving a combination of acidic and basic dyes. Chemotaxis = The movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli, allowing bacteria to navigate toward attractants or away from repellents. Endospore Stain = Staining technique used to visualize bacterial endospores within bacterial cells. Gram Stain = A differential staining technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

Flagella = Whip-like appendages used by bacteria for locomotion. Lipid A = A component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, involved in endotoxic activity. Teichoic Acid (in Gram-positive bacteria) = Helps regulate cell wall rigidity and protect against environmental stressors. Lysozyme = An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls by cleaving peptidoglycan bonds.

Base = A substance that accepts protons (H⁺ ions) or donates hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in a chemical reaction. Cell membrane = A selectively permeable lipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Cell envelope = The outermost layers of a bacterial cell, consisting of the cell membrane and cell wall. Chemotaxis = The movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli, allowing bacteria to navigate toward attractants or away from repellents.

Biofilm = A community of microorganisms attached to a surface and surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Chemotaxis = The movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli, allowing bacteria to navigate toward attractants or away from repellents. Capsule Stain = A staining technique used to visualize bacterial capsules, typically involving a combination of acidic and basic dyes. Cell arrangement = The spatial organization of bacterial cells, such as singles, pairs, chains, clusters, or tetrads.

Condenser Diaphragm = A component of a microscope that controls the amount of light passing through the specimen. Course Adjustment Knob = A knob on a microscope used to make large adjustments to the focus. High (Dry) Power Objective = A microscope objective lens with high magnification and a longer working distance. Low Power Objective = A microscope objective lens with low magnification and a wider field of view.

Single arrangement = Bacterial cells arranged individually Staphylo- arrangement = Bacterial cells arranged in irregular clusters resembling grape-like clusters Strepto- arrangement = Bacterial cells arranged in chains or filaments Tetrad - arrangement = Bacterial cells arranged in groups of four

Spirillum = A spiral-shaped bacterial morphology Spirochete shape = A helical, spiral-shaped bacterial morphology Vibrio - shape = A comma-shaped bacterial morphology Tick = A small arachnid that can transmit various diseases

Teichoic Acid = A type of cell wall component found in Gram-positive bacteria, contributing to cell wall structure and function Transport vesicle = Membrane-bound vesicles that transport substances within a cell or between cellular compartments Virulence = The degree or intensity of pathogenicity of a microorganism, referring to its ability to cause disease in a host organism Virology = The branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses, including their structure, classification, replication, pathogenesis, and interactions with host organisms

Smear = A thin layer of a specimen spread on a microscope slide for microscopic examination Sporulation = The process by which certain bacteria form endospores under adverse environmental conditions Van Leeuwenhoek, Antony = A Dutch scientist credited with the development of the microscope and the first observation of microorganisms Vibrio - shape = A comma-shaped bacterial morphology

Tumble = A sudden change in direction during bacterial movement, typically mediated by flagellar rotation Tick = A small arachnid that can transmit various diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever Transport vesicle = Membrane-bound vesicles that transport substances within a cell or between cellular compartments Teichoic Acid = A type of cell wall component found in Gram-positive bacteria, contributing to cell wall structure and function

Periplasmic filament flagella = Flagella located between the cell wall and the cell membrane, found in certain bacteria such as Spirochaetes Peptidoglycan = A polymer composed of sugar and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the cell membrane of bacteria, providing structural support Phospholipid (bilayer) = The primary component of cell membranes, consisting of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged with their hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward NAG and NAM = N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, subunits of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Negative stain = A staining technique where the background is stained, leaving the cells unstained and visible as clear areas Primary stain = The first dye applied in a staining procedure, typically staining all cells in a sample Secondary stain = The second dye applied in a staining procedure, used to provide contrast to the primary stain Simple stain = A staining technique that uses only one dye to color cells

Ribosomes (70S and 80S) = Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, with bacterial ribosomes typically being 70S and eukaryotic ribosomes being 80S Resolution = The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two closely spaced objects as separate entities Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever = A tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, characterized by fever, rash, and other symptoms Run and tumble = Movement pattern of bacteria with flagella, characterized by alternating straight runs and random changes in direction

Nucleus = The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities Nucleolus = A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs Nuclear envelope = A double membrane surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, separating it from the cytoplasm Nucleoplasm = The gel-like substance within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, excluding the nucleolus

Refractive index = A measure of how much a substance slows down light as it passes through, influencing the resolution of a microscope Scanning objective = A microscope objective with the lowest magnification and a wide field of view, typically used for initial observation Oil objective = A microscope objective designed to be used with immersion oil to increase resolution Ocular = The lens closest to the observer's eye in a microscope, also known as the eyepiece

germ

binary fission

binomial nomenclature

Staphylo

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Archaea

dysbiosis

Sporulation

Spirochete

mycolic acid

Vibrio

Slime layer

Strepto- arrangement

Sporulation

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Transport substances

Tumble

Phylum

The intensity of pathogenicity of a microorganism