Axial Skeleton Overview
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Axial Skeleton Overview

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Questions and Answers

The intervertebral discs contribute to __________ of the vertebral column.

flexibility

The __________ are abnormal curvatures in the spine.

curvatures

Osteoporosis involves a high number of __________, leading to thinner bone.

osteoclasts

The __________ is responsible for forming new blood vessels across the hematoma after a fracture.

<p>periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mutation in the collagen gene causes __________ imperfecta, resulting in brittle bones.

<p>osteogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bones of the skull are divided into the _______ and viscerocranium.

<p>neurocranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ suture is located between the frontal and parietal bones.

<p>coronal</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _______ fracture involves a laceration of all layers of the skull.

<p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ bone is known as the only movable bone in the skull.

<p>mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue between skull bones is known as a _______.

<p>suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

In newborns, the cranial sutures are connected by _______ tissue and fontanelles.

<p>fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ refers to the ossified suture that can occur as a result of continuous bone growth.

<p>Synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical condition known as _______ refers to abnormal head shape due to skull deformities.

<p>plagiocephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the first cervical vertebra that supports the skull.

<p>Atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is known for its strong odontoid process, which is crucial for head rotation.

<p>Axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thoracic vertebrae are labeled from T1 to ______.

<p>T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

The costovertebral joint connects ______ with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae.

<p>ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ facet is provided for the articulation of ribs on thoracic vertebrae.

<p>transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body of thoracic vertebrae has a ______-shaped structure for better support.

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ ligament helps strengthen the costovertebral joint.

<p>radiate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cervical vertebrae allow a range of head movements including nodding and ______.

<p>rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The articular facets in thoracic vertebrae allow for the greatest degree of ______.

<p>rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transverse processes of the Atlas are placed more ______ compared to other cervical vertebrae.

<p>laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human spine is composed of a total of ______ vertebrae.

<p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebrae fuse to form the ______ which consists of 5 fused vertebrae in adults.

<p>sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebral body serves the important function of supporting ______ weight.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebral arch protects the ______ by enclosing the vertebral foramen.

<p>spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of fractures in the cervical region above C4, patients may experience sudden death due to paralysis of the ______.

<p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cervical vertebrae form the skeleton of the ______.

<p>neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar region of the spine may lead to variable sensory or motor loss in the lower ______.

<p>extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ankylosing spondylitis refers to inflammation of the vertebral column joints, making it ______.

<p>rigid</p> Signup and view all the answers

A spinous process can be felt through the ______.

<p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The processes that restrict movement are called ______ processes.

<p>articular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse ______ of the adjacent vertebrae.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some individuals have four lumbar vertebrae, while others have ______.

<p>six</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar vertebrae have a ______-shaped body that is concave.

<p>kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sacrum is made up of ______ fused vertebrae.

<p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sacrum articulates with L5 and each side articulates with the ______ joint.

<p>sacroiliac</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ consists of four terminal bones and is also known as the tailbone.

<p>coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inferior end of the sacrum articulates with the ______.

<p>coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coccydynia refers to pain in the ______ region.

<p>coccygeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lumbar vertebrae have short, sturdy ______ processes for muscle attachment.

<p>spinous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pelvis and the coccyx are connected by the ______ joint.

<p>sacrococcygeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Axial Skeleton

  • Skull: Composed of the neurocranium (8 bones) and viscerocranium (14 bones).
  • Cranial Sutures: Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue between the skull bones forming seams.
    • Fontanelles: Linear attachments of fibrous tissue present in newborns, allowing for brain growth.
    • Sutural Ligament: Two layers of periosteum and fibrous connective tissue, contributing to bone growth.
    • Synostosis: Ossified suture, signifying complete bone fusion.
  • Vertebral Column: A structure composed of 33 vertebrae and elements that unite them, forming the "axis" of the axial skeleton.
    • Vertebrae increase in size towards the sacrum and decrease towards the coccyx.
  • Functions of Vertebral Column:
    • Bears weight
    • Supports the head
    • Allows body movement
    • Point of attachment for ribs
    • Protects internal structures (spinal cord, aorta, venae cavae, thoracic duct, and esophagus)
    • Maintains posture.
  • Clinical Significance of Vertebral Column:
    • Fracture: May lead to spinal cord/nerve injury, ranging from paralysis to death.
    • Ankylosing Spondylitis: Inflammation of vertebral column joints, causing rigidity.
    • Whiplash: Sudden, forceful head movement backward.
  • Typical Vertebrae Characteristics:
    • Vertebral Body: Supports body weight.
    • Vertebral Arch: Protects the spinal cord (forms the vertebral canal containing the spinal cord, meninges, fat, and blood vessels)
    • Processes:
      • Transverse Process: Muscle attachment and movement.
      • Spinous Process: Muscle attachment and movement.
      • Articular Processes: Restrict movement.

Cervical Vertebrae

  • Smallest vertebrae, allowing for the greatest range and variety of movement.
    • Features: Short, square-shaped vertebral body, triangular vertebral foramen, short and bifid spinous process (except for C7).
  • C1 (Atlas): Atypical vertebra;
    • No vertebral body or spinous process
    • Transverse processes are laterally placed.
    • Forms a ring of bone on which the skull rests, with paired lateral masses.
    • Condyloid Joints: Permit nodding of the head.
  • C2 (Axis):
    • Strongest cervical vertebra.
    • Forms a pivot for side-to-side head movement.
    • Prominent Odontoid Process (Dens) rising from the body, serving as a pivot.
    • Held in place by the Transverse Ligament.

Thoracic Vertebrae

  • Provide attachment for ribs, allowing for the greatest degree of rotation.
    • Features: Larger than cervical vertebrae, heart-shaped vertebral body, circular vertebral foramen, overlapping spines.
    • Costovertebral Joints: Connect ribs with the thoracic vertebra bodies.

Lumbar Vertebrae

  • Largest vertebrae, supporting the most body weight.
    • Features: Kidney-shaped vertebral body, short, sturdy spinous process, concave vertebral foramen.

Sacrum

  • 5 fused vertebrae, forming a wedge-shaped bone.
    • Features: Concave anterior surface, articulates with L5, ilium (sacroiliac joint), and coccyx.
    • Promontory: Protrudes into the pelvic cavity.

Coccyx

  • 4 fused terminal vertebrae forming the tailbone.
    • Features: Allows for muscle and ligament attachment, stabilises sitting posture.
    • **Clinical Significance: ** Coccydynia (coccyx pain), may result from falls or childbirth injury.

Intervertebral Disc

  • Separate adjacent vertebrae and contribute 25% of the length of the VC.
    • Features: Thinnest in the cervical region, progressively thicker towards lumbar.
    • Structure:
      • Nucleus Pulposus: Soft, pulpy, yellowish elastic material.
      • Annulus Fibrosus: Concentric ring of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage.
    • Clinical Relevance:
      • Herniated Disc: Tear in the annulus fibrosus, allowing the nucleus pulposus to bulge out, causing pain.
      • Disc Dehydration: Causes height loss, particularly in elderly individuals.

Vertebral Column Curvatures

  • A healthy vertebral column has four curvatures:
    • Primary: Thoracic and sacral.
    • Secondary: Cervical and lumbar.

Thoracic Cage

  • Protects the heart and lungs

Appendicular Skeleton

  • The portion of the skeleton composed of the limbs and their attachment points.

Upper Limb and Pectoral Girdle

  • The bones of the shoulder, arms, and hands.

Lower Limb and Pelvic Girdle

  • The bones of the hips, legs, and feet.

Fracture Repair

  • The body's response to a bone break.
    • Hematoma Formation: Blood clot formation in the broken area initiates healing.
    • Callus Formation: Fibrocartilage, then trabeculae form across the fracture.
    • Remodeling: Excess bone material is removed, and compact bone is formed.

Common Problems - Fractures:

  • Open Fracture: Broken bone pierces the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
  • Comminuted Fracture: Bone is splintered into multiple fragments.
  • Greenstick Fracture: An incomplete fracture occurring in children.

Other Bone Problems:

  • **Osteomalacia (also known as Rickets in children): ** Inadequate mineralization of bone tissue due to vitamin D or calcium phosphate deficiency.
  • Bony Spur: Abnormal bone projection due to overgrowth.
  • Osteoporosis: Reduced bone density due to faster resorption compared to deposition.
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Brittle bone disease caused by a defect in collagen genes.
  • Paget’s Disease: Abnormal bone remodeling, leading to brittle bone formation.

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Description

Explore the foundational structures of the axial skeleton, including the skull and vertebral column. Learn about the components such as cranial sutures, fontanelles, and the functions of the vertebral column. This quiz will test your knowledge on the human skeletal system and its importance in bodily support and protection.

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