Questions and Answers
How many cranial bones are present in the human skull?
Which bones are included in the facial bones of the skull?
What is the total number of bones in the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae?
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Which of these bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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Which bone is associated with the optic foramen?
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What is the primary curve that exists in an infant's vertebral column?
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Which structure is part of the temporal bone?
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Which bone contains the cribriform plate?
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Where is the foramen magnum located?
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What type of ribs are ribs 8-12 classified as?
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Which bones are included in the bony orbit?
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What is the function of the alveolar processes found in the mandible?
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Which vertebra is known as the Atlas?
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What structure separates the left and right nasal cavities?
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What are the intervertebral foramina formed by?
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Which part of the sternum is located at the superior end?
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Which bone is NOT part of the cranial skeleton?
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Which structure is formed by the fusion of several vertebrae?
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton Overview
- Comprises a total of 80 bones, forming the central support structure of the body.
- Includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Skull
- Total of 28 bones made up of:
- Cranial bones (8): Frontal, Parietal (2), Occipital, Temporal (2), Sphenoid, Ethmoid.
- Facial bones (14): Nasal (2), Maxillae (2), Zygomatic (2), Palatine (2), Vomer, Inferior nasal conchae (2), Lacrimal (2), Mandible.
- Auditory ossicles (6): Small bones aiding in hearing.
- Hyoid bone: Supports tongue and provides attachment for muscles.
Vertebral Column
- Composed of 24 individual vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx.
- Divided into regions:
- Cervical (7 vertebrae)
- Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
- Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
- Sacral (5 fused vertebrae)
- Coccygeal (3-5 fused vertebrae)
Thoracic Cage
- Formed by the sternum and 24 ribs.
- Ribs consist of:
- True ribs (1-7): Directly attach to the sternum.
- False ribs (8-12): Indirectly attach or do not attach to the sternum.
- Floating ribs (11-12): Do not attach to the sternum at all.
Skull Differences
- Notable developmental differences between adult, child, and infant skulls.
- Infants have fontanels:
- Anterior (frontal), Posterior (occipital), Sphenoidal (anterior lateral), and Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels.
Spinal Curvatures
- Primary curves: Thoracic and sacral curves present at birth.
- Secondary curves: Cervical curve develops with head support; lumbar curve develops when sitting.
Characteristics of Vertebral Regions
- Cervical: Contains the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2); important for head rotation.
- Thoracic: Medium-sized vertebrae with facets for rib articulation.
- Lumbar: Largest vertebrae with blunt processes; supports body weight.
- Sacral: Fused vertebrae forming the posterior pelvis.
- Coccyx: A small triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column.
Bony Landmarks of Typical Vertebrae
- Key structures include:
- Body
- Pedicle
- Lamina
- Vertebral arch
- Spinous process
- Transverse processes
- Articular processes
- Vertebral foramen
Ribs and Sternum Details
- Sternum parts: Manubrium (includes jugular notch), Body, and Xiphoid process.
- Each rib connects to a specific vertebra and contributes to the thoracic structure.
Lab Experience Notes
- In lab, identify and locate bone landmarks on specimens.
- Use pipe cleaners to point at structures without direct contact.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the bones of the axial skeleton, including the skull and spine. Learn to identify the bones of the cranium and face, and explore the differences between adult, child, and infant skulls. This quiz also covers spinal curvatures and articulations with the ribs and sternum.
