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Questions and Answers
Which bone directly articulates with the vomer bone?
Which bone directly articulates with the vomer bone?
Of the following, which bone is NOT involved in the formation of the orbit?
Of the following, which bone is NOT involved in the formation of the orbit?
Which bone is considered a sesamoid bone?
Which bone is considered a sesamoid bone?
Which bone does the TMJ connect to the skull?
Which bone does the TMJ connect to the skull?
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Which facial bone is most directly involved in the formation of the hard palate?
Which facial bone is most directly involved in the formation of the hard palate?
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The maxillary sinuses are the largest of which type of sinuses?
The maxillary sinuses are the largest of which type of sinuses?
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What is the name of the facial bone that defines the cheekbones and contributes to the inferior portion of the orbit?
What is the name of the facial bone that defines the cheekbones and contributes to the inferior portion of the orbit?
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Besides the mandible, which other facial bone does the maxilla NOT articulate with?
Besides the mandible, which other facial bone does the maxilla NOT articulate with?
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What is one of the primary purposes of bones in the body?
What is one of the primary purposes of bones in the body?
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Which type of bone is characterized by being cube-shaped and providing support and stability?
Which type of bone is characterized by being cube-shaped and providing support and stability?
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What type of bone is the vertebra classified as?
What type of bone is the vertebra classified as?
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Which bone type serves as a protective covering for organs?
Which bone type serves as a protective covering for organs?
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What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of bone morphology?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of bone morphology?
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What kind of structure do long bones provide for the body?
What kind of structure do long bones provide for the body?
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Which of the following types of bones is primarily embedded in muscle or tendon?
Which of the following types of bones is primarily embedded in muscle or tendon?
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What unique shape is the sphenoid bone often compared to?
What unique shape is the sphenoid bone often compared to?
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Which bone forms the majority of the bony region between the nasal cavity and the sphenoid bone?
Which bone forms the majority of the bony region between the nasal cavity and the sphenoid bone?
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Which of the following bones is considered an unpaired facial bone?
Which of the following bones is considered an unpaired facial bone?
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What is the anatomical significance of the pterion region in the skull?
What is the anatomical significance of the pterion region in the skull?
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What is the primary function of paranasal sinuses?
What is the primary function of paranasal sinuses?
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What defines the cranial fossa?
What defines the cranial fossa?
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Which part of the mandible is considered the horizontal component?
Which part of the mandible is considered the horizontal component?
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Which of the following accurately describes the ethmoid bone's visibility?
Which of the following accurately describes the ethmoid bone's visibility?
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What is the primary function of the occipital condyles?
What is the primary function of the occipital condyles?
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Which structure passes through the foramen magnum?
Which structure passes through the foramen magnum?
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Where does the coronal suture meet the frontal bone?
Where does the coronal suture meet the frontal bone?
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What type of joint formation is described by the joining of two or more bones at a joint?
What type of joint formation is described by the joining of two or more bones at a joint?
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Which suture occurs where the right and left parietal bones meet superiorly?
Which suture occurs where the right and left parietal bones meet superiorly?
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What does craniosynostosis refer to?
What does craniosynostosis refer to?
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Which bone spans the width of the cranial floor and resembles a butterfly?
Which bone spans the width of the cranial floor and resembles a butterfly?
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Which of the following correctly describes the type of joints that sutures represent?
Which of the following correctly describes the type of joints that sutures represent?
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Which bones are classified as unpaired bones in the cranium?
Which bones are classified as unpaired bones in the cranium?
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What characterizes the human skull's change compared to that of raccoons?
What characterizes the human skull's change compared to that of raccoons?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the shape of the temporal bones?
Which of the following correctly identifies the shape of the temporal bones?
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The foramen in the skull serves which primary function?
The foramen in the skull serves which primary function?
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What do parietal bones contribute to in the skull's structure?
What do parietal bones contribute to in the skull's structure?
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Which statement accurately describes the occipital bone?
Which statement accurately describes the occipital bone?
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Which cranial bone is responsible for completing the base behind the eyes?
Which cranial bone is responsible for completing the base behind the eyes?
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What is the primary function of the cranium?
What is the primary function of the cranium?
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton
- Comprised of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk
- Includes the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
Bones
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Purpose
- Provide body's framework
- Provide sites for muscle attachment
- Provide a protective covering for organs and regions of the body
- Bone marrow produces red blood cells (hemopoietic tissue)
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Types
- Morphology: the study of bone form and structural features
- Long bones: hard and dense, structure the body, allow for mobility (examples: Radius, Ulna)
- Short bones: cube-shaped and compact, spongy interior (marrow), support & stability, little movement (examples: Carpals, Tarsals)
- Flat bones: flat shape, protection (cranium), broad surface for muscle attachment (example: Scapula)
- Irregular bones: cannot be grouped as long/short/flat, various purposes (example: Vertebrae)
- Sesamoid bones: embedded in muscle or tendon, act like pulleys, increase muscular forces & mobility (example: Patella)
Skull
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Bones
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Cranium
- Cranial fossa: protects the brain, a depression in the bone
- Facial bones: protect sense organs, and other structures in the face
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Foramina and Foramen
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Humans
- More cranium for brain storage, smaller facial features
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Raccoon
- More jaw, teeth, nose & eyes
- Small cranium
Cranium Bones
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Unpaired bones
- Frontal bone: defines the forehead
- Occipital bone: the back of the skull and posterior bone base
- Sphenoid bone: completes the bone base behind the eyes
- Ethmoid bone: fits behind the facial bones
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Paired Bones
- Parietal bones: components of the cranium arch
- Temporal bones: parts of the lateral sides and base of the skull. Form the thickened platform for the jaw and inner ear
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Frontal bone: forms forehead and roofs/superior border of the orbits (eye sockets)
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Parietal bones: form superior and lateral parts of the skull, shaped like curved rectangles
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Temporal bones: inferior to parietal bones, form the inferolateral portion of the skull, articulate with the mandible
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The Temporal Mandibular Joint (TMJ) : is the articulation of the temporal bone and the mandible
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Occipital bone: posterior portion and base of the cranium, spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum
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Occipital condyles are protuberances / “rockers” on either side of the foramen magnum. These condyles control skull movement on the first cervical vertebra.
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Sutures
- Coronal suture: runs along the coronal plane where parietal and frontal bones meet.
- Sagittal suture: between the right and left parietal bones superiorly.
- Squamous suture: where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
- Lambdoid suture: where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
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Sphenoid bone
- Spans the width of cranial floor
- Resembles a butterfly or bat
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Ethmoid bone
- Between nasal and sphenoid bones
- Forms most of medial bony region between the nasal cavity and sphenoid bone.
- Not apparent externally
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Paranasal sinuses
- 4 paired sinuses
- All connected
- Airways & mucus production/drainage
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Pterion: the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join; weak spot
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Cranial fossa: depressions or hollows usually in the skull.
- Anterior, middle, posterior
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Facial Bones:
- Mandible: the lower jawbone; the largest and strongest facial bone. Composed of two main parts - a horizontal body and two upright rami; Articulates with the temporal bone at the TMJ (allows for movement like elevation, depression, protrusion, retraction and side to side jaw movement).
- Maxilla: Upper jawbone that makes up the superior dental arch and articulates with other facial bones, except the mandible, and includes the maxillary sinus (largest paranasal sinus).
- Zygomatic: cheekbones, define important shapes of the face, and the inferior portion of the orbit.
- Nasal: form the bridge of the nose.
- Vomer: small, thin, midline bone that divides the nasal cavity, inferiorly with midline of maxillae; superiorly with the sphenoid, and anterosuperiorly with ethmoid
- Lacrimal: located in the medial orbital walls
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Hyoid bone: lies inferior to the mandible, no direct articulation with any other bone; a base for the tongue.
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Bones of the orbit/eyes socket: Frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, and zygomatic bones make up the eye socket.
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Important Note: Mütter Museum of human pathology (Philadelphia) has real human skulls, and information is provided in a image from that particular display.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. This quiz also covers the different types of bones, their morphology, and specific examples such as long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.
