Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of bone has a greater length than width and includes examples like femur and humerus?
What type of bone has a greater length than width and includes examples like femur and humerus?
Flat bones are primarily involved in protection and muscle attachment.
Flat bones are primarily involved in protection and muscle attachment.
True
Name one example of a short bone.
Name one example of a short bone.
Carpals
The _________ bone forms the forehead and most of the anterior parts of the cranial floor.
The _________ bone forms the forehead and most of the anterior parts of the cranial floor.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of bone mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of bone mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the bones to their types:
Match the bones to their types:
Signup and view all the answers
The axial skeleton consists of bones that primarily support the body and protect vital organs.
The axial skeleton consists of bones that primarily support the body and protect vital organs.
Signup and view all the answers
How many facial bones are present in the human skull?
How many facial bones are present in the human skull?
Signup and view all the answers
The _________ bones of the skull enclose and protect the brain.
The _________ bones of the skull enclose and protect the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the atlas (C1) vertebra?
What is the primary function of the atlas (C1) vertebra?
Signup and view all the answers
The 11th and 12th ribs are considered true ribs.
The 11th and 12th ribs are considered true ribs.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three parts of the sternum?
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Signup and view all the answers
The lumbar vertebrae are the _____ and strongest unfused bones in the vertebral column.
The lumbar vertebrae are the _____ and strongest unfused bones in the vertebral column.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the rib types with their descriptions:
Match the rib types with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to secondary curves as people age?
What happens to secondary curves as people age?
Signup and view all the answers
The xiphoid process completely ossifies by the age of 40.
The xiphoid process completely ossifies by the age of 40.
Signup and view all the answers
Which cervical vertebra allows for the 'no' motion?
Which cervical vertebra allows for the 'no' motion?
Signup and view all the answers
The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum, ribs, and their _____ cartilages.
The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum, ribs, and their _____ cartilages.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cartilage composes the xiphoid process in infants?
What type of cartilage composes the xiphoid process in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age do the fontanels generally close completely?
At what age do the fontanels generally close completely?
Signup and view all the answers
The hyoid bone articulates with surrounding bones.
The hyoid bone articulates with surrounding bones.
Signup and view all the answers
Name the three auditory ossicles.
Name the three auditory ossicles.
Signup and view all the answers
The vertebral column is composed of ________ vertebrae.
The vertebral column is composed of ________ vertebrae.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following vertebral sections with their characteristics:
Match the following vertebral sections with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
What shape are the thoracic and sacral curves in the vertebral column?
What shape are the thoracic and sacral curves in the vertebral column?
Signup and view all the answers
The cervical curve develops before the lumbar curve.
The cervical curve develops before the lumbar curve.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average length of the vertebral column in an adult male?
What is the average length of the vertebral column in an adult male?
Signup and view all the answers
The structure that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called the ________ bone.
The structure that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called the ________ bone.
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the spinal column when a child begins to stand or walk?
What happens to the spinal column when a child begins to stand or walk?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bone is known as the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?
Which bone is known as the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
The patella is located posterior to the knee joint.
The patella is located posterior to the knee joint.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three parts of the hip bone?
What are the three parts of the hip bone?
Signup and view all the answers
The ___ is a fibrocartilage disc located at the pubic symphysis.
The ___ is a fibrocartilage disc located at the pubic symphysis.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following bones with their respective descriptions:
Match the following bones with their respective descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements correctly describes the greater pelvis?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the greater pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bones form the upper extremity?
Which bones form the upper extremity?
Signup and view all the answers
The pectoral girdle articulates directly with the axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle articulates directly with the axial skeleton.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the weakest point of the clavicle?
What is the weakest point of the clavicle?
Signup and view all the answers
The ulna is located on the ______ aspect of the forearm.
The ulna is located on the ______ aspect of the forearm.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following bones with their descriptions:
Match the following bones with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which joint allows for forearm pronation and supination?
Which joint allows for forearm pronation and supination?
Signup and view all the answers
The thumb is also known as the pollex.
The thumb is also known as the pollex.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the total number of bones in the upper extremity?
What is the total number of bones in the upper extremity?
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ connects the clavicle and the sternum.
The ______ connects the clavicle and the sternum.
Signup and view all the answers
How many bones are located in the carpals?
How many bones are located in the carpals?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Bone Types
- Long bones are longer than they are wide, with a shaft and ends (epiphysis) and are slightly curved for strength. Examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, and phalanges.
- Short bones are nearly equal in length and width and are somewhat cube-shaped. Examples include the carpals and tarsals.
- Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone. They provide protection and extensive muscle attachment. Examples include the cranial bones, sternum, ribs, and scapula.
- Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be easily categorized. Examples include the vertebrae, hip bones, certain facial bones, and the calcaneus.
- Sesamoid bones develop within tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress. Examples include the patella.
Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and comprises the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Skull
- Composed of 22 bones (excluding middle ear bones).
- Rests on the superior end of the vertebral column.
Cranial Bones (8)
- Form the cranial cavity that encloses and protects the brain.
- Frontal bone: Forms the forehead, roof of the orbits, and most of the anterior part of the cranial floor.
- Parietal bones (2): Form the superior and lateral walls of the skull.
- Temporal bones (2): Form the lateral walls of the skull and house the organs of hearing and balance.
- Occipital bone: Forms the posterior part of the skull and contains the foramen magnum, which allows the spinal cord to pass.
- Sphenoid bone: A bat-shaped bone that forms part of the cranial floor, sides of the skull, and orbits.
- Ethmoid bone: Forms part of the roof of the nasal cavity, floor of the cranial cavity, and medial walls of the orbits.
Facial Bones (14)
- Nasal bones (2): Form the bridge of the nose.
- Maxillae (2): Form the upper jawbone and contribute to the hard palate.
- Zygomatic bones (2): Form the cheekbones and contribute to the orbits.
- Lacrimal bones (2): Form part of the medial walls of the orbits and contain tear ducts.
- Mandible: The lower jawbone, which is the only movable bone in the skull.
- Palatine bones (2): Form the posterior part of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of the nasal cavity.
- Inferior nasal conchae (2): Thin scroll-shaped bones that project into the nasal cavity and increase its surface area.
- Vomer: Forms the lower part of the nasal septum.
Auditory Ossicles
- Three small bones located in the middle ear:
- Malleus: Resembles a hammer and is the outermost of the three.
- Incus: Resembles an anvil and is the middle of the three.
- Stapes: Resembles a stirrup and is the innermost of the three.
Hyoid Bone
- A single, U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone.
- Supports the tongue and provides attachment for muscles of the neck and pharynx.
- Located anterior to the neck between the mandible and larynx.
Vertebral Column (Spine)
- Forms the backbone and is composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.
- Surrounds and protects the spinal cord, which is composed of nervous and connective tissue.
- Consists of 26 vertebrae:
- Cervical vertebrae (7): In the neck.
- Thoracic vertebrae (12): In the chest.
- Lumbar vertebrae (5): In the lower back.
- Sacrum (1): Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
- Coccyx (1): Consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae.
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
- There are four curves in the adult vertebral column, visible in a lateral view:
- Cervical and Lumbar curves: Convex, bulging out forward.
- Thoracic and Sacral curves: Concave, cupping inward.
Thorax
- Refers to the entire chest region.
Thoracic Cage
- Includes the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Sternum (Breastbone)
- A flat bone located in the center of the anterior chest.
- Consists of three parts:
- Manubrium: The uppermost part.
- Body: The largest and middle part.
- Xiphoid process: The smallest and inferior part, which consists of hyaline cartilage during infancy and does not completely ossify until age 40.
Ribs
- 12 pairs of ribs.
- True ribs (1-7): Have direct attachment to the sternum via costal cartilage.
- False ribs (8-12): Attach indirectly to the sternum or not at all.
Vertebral Regions
Cervical Vertebrae
- Atlas (C1): The topmost cervical vertebra, located inferior to the base of the skull. It has no body or spinous process and allows the "yes" motion.
- Axis (C2): Has a dens (odontoid process) that allows the atlas to rotate, allowing the "no" motion.
- Vertebra prominens (C7): Has the longest and largest non-bifid spinous process on the cervical vertebrae.
Lumbar Vertebrae
- The largest and strongest unfused bones.
Sacrum
- A triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae.
Coccyx
- A triangular bone formed by the union of four coccygeal vertebrae.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, along with the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
- Attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
- Does not directly articulate with the axial skeleton, but is held in place by muscles.
Clavicle
- An S-shaped bone that connects the sternum and scapula.
- The medial half is convex anteriorly, and the lateral half is concave anteriorly.
- The most frequently fractured bone in the body.
- The midpoint of the clavicle is the weakest point.
Upper Extremity
- Consists of 30 bones on each side, totaling 60 bones in the upper limbs.
- Includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- Glenohumeral joint: The joint formed by the humerus and scapula.
Humerus
- The bone in the arm.
Ulna
- The medial bone in the forearm.
- "Pinky on the ulnar side".
- Olecranon: Forms the elbow.
- Trochlear notch: Forms the elbow with the olecranon and coronoid fossa (part of the humerus).
Radius
- The lateral bone in the forearm.
- Proximal radioulnar joint: The joint between the radial notch and the head of the radius.
- Distal radioulnar joint: The joint between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch.
Carpals
- The bones of the wrist.
- Intercarpal joints: Articulations between the carpals.
-
Proximal row:
- Scaphoid: Boat-shaped.
- Lunate: Moon-shaped.
- Triquetrum: Three-cornered.
- Pisiform: Pea-shaped.
-
Distal row:
- Trapezium: Four-sided with no two sides parallel.
- Trapezoid: Four-sided with two sides parallel.
- Capitate: Head-shaped.
- Hamate: Hooked.
Metacarpals
- The long bones of the hand.
Phalanges (Phalanx, Digit)
- The bones of the fingers and thumb.
- Proximal phalanges: The bones closest to the metacarpals.
- Middle phalanges: The bones in the middle of the fingers.
- Distal phalanges: The bones at the tips of the fingers.
- Thumb (Pollex): Has two phalanges.
Pelvic Girdle
- Consists of two hip bones (coxal bones, pelvic bones), also known as os coxae.
- Holds the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
- Sacroiliac joint: Located posteriorly and joins the hip bones to the sacrum.
- Pubic symphysis: Located anteriorly and joins the two hip bones together.
False Pelvis (Greater Pelvis)
- The portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim.
True Pelvis (Lesser Pelvis)
- The portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim.
Lower Extremities
- Consists of 40 bones on each side, totaling 80 bones in the lower limbs.
- Includes the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Femur (Thigh Bone )
- The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body.
Patella (Kneecap)
- A small, triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint.
- Base: The broad proximal end, which is often seen developing in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
- Apex: The pointed distal end.
- Articular facets: Two facets on the posterior surface that articulate with the femur.
Tibia
- The medial bone in the lower leg.
Fibula
- The lateral bone in the lower leg.
Tarsals
- The bones of the ankle.
- Talus: The bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
- Calcaneus: The largest and strongest tarsal bone.
- Navicular: Means "little boat".
-
Cuneiforms (3): Wedge-shaped bones.
- Medial cuneiform
- Intermediate cuneiform
- Lateral cuneiform
Metatarsals
- The long bones of the foot.
Phalanges
- The bones of the toes.
- Proximal phalanges: The bones closest to the metatarsals.
- Middle phalanges: The bones in the middle of the toes.
- Distal phalanges: The bones at the tips of the toes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of bones and the structure of the axial skeleton. This quiz covers long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones, as well as the components of the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebral column. Perfect for students of anatomy!
