Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is not classified as part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following structures is not classified as part of the axial skeleton?
The cricoid cartilage is located in the thorax.
The cricoid cartilage is located in the thorax.
False
Name the two primary groups that bones are divided into.
Name the two primary groups that bones are divided into.
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
The _______ is responsible for connecting the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
The _______ is responsible for connecting the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
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Match the following types of cartilage with their described characteristics:
Match the following types of cartilage with their described characteristics:
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Which cartilage is primarily found in the external ear?
Which cartilage is primarily found in the external ear?
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Costal cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum.
Costal cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum.
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What is the function of articular cartilage?
What is the function of articular cartilage?
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What type of callus forms first during the healing of a fracture?
What type of callus forms first during the healing of a fracture?
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Osteoporosis is characterized by bone deposit outpacing bone resorption.
Osteoporosis is characterized by bone deposit outpacing bone resorption.
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What vitamin deficiency is primarily linked to Rickets?
What vitamin deficiency is primarily linked to Rickets?
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In cases of __________, bones become poorly mineralized, leading to soft and weak bones.
In cases of __________, bones become poorly mineralized, leading to soft and weak bones.
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Which bones are most susceptible to osteoporosis?
Which bones are most susceptible to osteoporosis?
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Match the bone disorder with its characteristic:
Match the bone disorder with its characteristic:
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Describe the role of calcium salts in bone health.
Describe the role of calcium salts in bone health.
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A hematoma is formed from external blood vessels during a bone healing process.
A hematoma is formed from external blood vessels during a bone healing process.
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Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
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The vertebrae are classified as flat bones.
The vertebrae are classified as flat bones.
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Name one example of a flat bone.
Name one example of a flat bone.
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The _____ is a type of short bone found within tendons.
The _____ is a type of short bone found within tendons.
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Which group of bones primarily makes up the wrist?
Which group of bones primarily makes up the wrist?
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Match the following bone types with their examples:
Match the following bone types with their examples:
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All bones in the human body are of the same shape.
All bones in the human body are of the same shape.
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What is the primary function of the clavicle?
What is the primary function of the clavicle?
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Study Notes
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
- The human skeleton has 206 named bones.
- Bones are classified into two groups: axial and appendicular.
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
- The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles attaching them to the axial skeleton.
Skull Geography
- The skull has cranial sutures, cranial fossae, and a cranial cavity.
- Also includes middle and internal ear cavities, nasal cavity, and orbits.
- There are 85 named openings (foramina, canals, fissures).
Major Cavities of the Skull
- The skull contains various cavities, including the cranial cavity, orbits, and nasal cavity.
- The frontal sinus, ethmoidal air cells, maxillary sinus, and sphenoidal sinus are parts of the paranasal sinuses.
Anatomy of the Anterior and Posterior Aspects of the Skull
- Diagrams show many specific bones like frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, maxilla, mandible, etc. and sutures like sagittal and lambdoid
- There are named openings like the supraorbital foramen (notch), optic canal, mental foramen, and others.
Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull
- Sagittal suture, coronal suture, lambdoid suture show the relationships of various bones.
- Other details like squamous suture, zygomatic process, mastoid process, external acoustic meatus are indicated.
Inferior Aspect of the Skull (Mandible Removed)
- The illustration shows the hard palate, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, temporal bone (zygomatic process), vomer and other bones in the lower skeletal structure.
- Structures like foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, carotid canal, etc. are present.
- Inferior view of the skull, with mandible removed. This shows the relationships of various bones in the bottom of the cranium
Paranasal Sinuses
- The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces within the bones of the skull, including the frontal sinus, ethmoidal air cells, sphenoidal sinus, and maxillary sinus.
Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
- Infant skulls have more bones than adult skulls.
- Skull bones are unfused, connected by fontanelles (unossified remnants of fibrous membranes).
- Fontanelles (anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal) ease birth and allow brain growth.
Skull of a Newborn
- The figure displays the four fontanelles in the newborn skull.
- Illustrates the positions and relations of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones.
Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates
- At birth, the cranium is large relative to the face.
- By 9 months, the cranium is about half its adult size.
- Mandible and maxilla shorten at birth but lengthen with age.
- Arms and legs grow faster than the head and trunk, establishing adult proportions.
Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs.
- It surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
- It has 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) in five major regions.
- Cervical (neck), Thoracic (Thoracic cage), Lumbar (Lower back), Sacrum, Coccyx.
Vertebral Column: Curvatures
- The spine's curvatures increase its resilience and flexibility.
- The cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave posteriorly.
- The thoracic and sacral curvatures are convex posteriorly.
- Abnormal curvatures include scoliosis (lateral curve), kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curvature), and lordosis (accentuated lumbar curvature).
Types of Bones
- There are long (limb, hand, and foot), short, flat (sternum, scapula, ribs, skull), and irregular bones (vertebrae, coxal bones).
Physiology of Bones
- Bones have seven important functions: support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage, and hormone production.
- Calcium is required for many processes (including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting)
Skeletal Cartilages
- Three major types of skeletal cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
- Location varies and shows specific types in different regions of the body.
Membranes: Periosteum & Endosteum
- Periosteum is a double-layered membrane covering the external bone surfaces.
- Endosteum is a delicate membrane covering the internal bone surfaces, and trabeculae of spongy bone which lines canals in compact bones.
Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones
- Red bone marrow is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë in flat bones.
- In newborns, red marrow is present in the medullary cavities and spongy bones.
- In adults, red marrow is mostly found in the diploë of flat bones and some irregular bones.
- Yellow marrow can convert to red marrow if needed.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
- Compact bone is also called lamellar bone.
- Osteons (or Haversian systems) are the structural units of compact bone.
- The osteon contains lamellae, central canals, perforating canals, and canaliculi.
Spongy Bone
- The trabeculae align along lines of stress, supporting the bone.
- Spongy bone lacks osteons and contains irregular lamellae.
- Osteocytes are interconnected by canaliculi, and capillaries supply nutrients.
Chemical Composition of Bone
- Bones are composed of inorganic hydroxyapatite mineral and organic collagen fibers.
- This composition makes bone strong and resists compression.
Endochondral Ossification
- Endochondral ossification forms most bones except clavicles.
- It begins in the second month of fetal development.
- It uses hyaline cartilage models.
Intramembranous Ossification
- Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull and clavicles.
- Mesenchymal cells condense to form an ossification center.
- Osteoid is secreted, then calcified, forming woven bone.
Interstitial Growth
- In long bones, chondroblasts in the epiphyseal plate divide.
- New cartilage is added at the epiphysis.
- This leads to bone lengthening before the epiphyseal plates close.
Bone Remodeling
- Bone is constantly being remodeled.
- Cartilage growth and bone replacement mechanisms occur during growth.
- Bone growth occurs where cartilage grows occurs.
Results of Mechanical Stressors: Wolff's Law
- Bones adapt to stresses and demands placed upon them.
- Handedness leads to thicker, stronger bones in the dominant upper limb.
- Curved bones are thickest where they are most prone to buckling.
- Trabeculae of bony tissue form trusses along stress lines.
- Large projections occur where heavy, active muscles are attached.
- Bones of fetuses and bedridden individuals have less defined structure.
Fracture Classification
- Fractures are classified by the position of bone ends (displaced/nondisplaced), completeness of the break (complete/incomplete), and whether skin is penetrated (open/closed).
Common Types of Fractures
- Includes comminuted (shattered fracture), compression, spiral, epiphyseal, depressed, and greenstick types.
Healing of a Bone Fracture
- Fracture healing involves a sequence of steps, including hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
Homeostatic Imbalances: Osteomalacia & Rickets
- Osteomalacia involves poorly mineralized bones, causing soft, weak bones.
- Rickets is osteomalacia in children, leading to bowed legs and bone deformities.
Osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis is a group of diseases where bone resorption exceeds deposition.
- Spongy bone in the spine and neck of femur is affected.
- Vertebral and hip fractures are common.
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
- Risk factors for osteoporosis, include increasing age, being a postmenopausal woman, petite body form, insufficient exercise, poor diet, smoking and certain hormone-related conditions.
Developmental Aspects of Bones
- Embryonic skeleton ossifies, so fetal age can be estimated from X-rays or sonograms.
- Most long bones begin ossifying by 8 weeks, with primary centers apparent by 12 weeks in development.
- By age 25, most bones are completely ossified, and skeletal growth ceases.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the axial skeleton, types of cartilage, and bone health. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the structure and function of bones, cartilage roles in the body, and common bone disorders. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology!
