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Questions and Answers
Which of the following muscles is inferior to the lips?
The deepest layer of the abdominal muscles is the?
Which muscle moves the bolus into the esophagus?
Which of the following muscles attach to the mandible bone?
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Which muscle has three attachments to bone?
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The muscle group nearest the vertebral column is the?
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Which of the following can flex the vertebral column?
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Cranial nerve VII supplies the muscles of?
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The diaphragm muscle is innervated by?
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The trigeminal nerve controls which group of muscles?
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Muscles of the head and neck that are innervated by the facial nerve are associated with?
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Which of the following is the major action of the neck musculature?
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How do the extrinsic eye muscles differ in action from the intrinsic eye muscles?
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Which of the following features are common to the muscles of mastication?
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Study Notes
The Axial Musculature Overview
- Axial musculature originates from the axial skeleton and is crucial for stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
- Comprises approximately 40% of total body musculature.
Muscles of Mastication
- Primarily insert into the mandible.
- Major muscles include the masseter and temporalis, which are essential for chewing.
Classification of Axial Muscles
- Grouped based on both location and function, facilitating understanding of their roles in the body.
Key Muscles and Their Functions
- Thyrohyoid: Runs between the larynx and hyoid bone, important for movements related to swallowing.
- Diaphragm: A muscular partition between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, crucial for respiration.
- Oblique and Rectus Muscles: Form the walls of the abdominal cavity, support the vertebral column, and assist in body movements.
Muscles of the Neck and Head
- Cervical and Thoracic Regions: Muscles in these regions contribute to neck movements, including head nodding.
- The most massive muscle used in chewing is the masseter.
- Styloglossus muscle originates from the temporal bone and aids in tongue movement.
Perineum and Urogenital Region
- The superficial layer of the perineum is divided into the urogenital triangle and anal triangle.
- Urogenital Triangle: Contains the ischiocavernosus muscle, which is the most anterior and lateral muscle in this area.
Muscle Actions
- Various abdominal muscles, including internal and external obliques and rectus abdominis, function to compress the abdomen.
- Longest muscle in the posterior aspect of the body is the iliocostalis lumborum.
Miscellaneous
- Muscles of facial expression include orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, and platysma, and play vital roles in non-verbal communication.
Axial Musculature Overview
- Muscle Positioned Below Lips: The depressor anguli oris is located inferior to the lips.
- Deepest Abdominal Muscle Layer: Transversus abdominis forms the innermost layer of abdominal muscles.
- Bolus Movement into Esophagus: Pharyngeal constrictors are responsible for moving the bolus into the esophagus.
- Muscle Attachment to Mandible: Geniohyoid is the muscle that attaches to the mandible bone.
Muscle Attachments and Functionality
- Multi-attached Muscle: Sternocleidomastoid muscle has three attachments to bones.
- Muscle Group Near Vertebral Column: Spinales group is positioned closest to the vertebral column.
- Vertebral Column Flexion: Longus colli muscle can flex the vertebral column.
Nerve Innervation
- Cranial Nerve VII: Innervates muscles responsible for facial expressions.
- Diaphragm Innervation: Phrenic nerves provide motor innervation to the diaphragm.
- Trigeminal Nerve Function: Controls muscles involved in mastication (chewing).
Muscle Characteristics and Movements
- Facial Expression Muscles: Muscles of the head and neck innervated by the facial nerve are primarily involved in facial expressions.
- Major Neck Muscle Action: Positioning the head is the primary action of neck musculature.
- Eye Muscle Action Differences: Extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeball relative to the body, while intrinsic eye muscles control structures within the eyeball.
Mastication Muscle Features
- Muscles of Mastication: These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint and are distinct from muscles of facial expression.
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