أسئلة التاسعة فسيو (بعد التعديل)

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which area of the brain is involved in modifying autonomic functions through emotional responses?

Cerebellum

Limbic system (correct)

Occipital lobe

Basal ganglia

What physiological change may occur during psychological disturbances?

Acceleration of heart rate (correct)

Decreased heart rate

Increased secretion of insulin

Dilation of blood vessels

Which reflex is activated by thinking or seeing food, leading to increased secretion of digestive fluids?

Reflex arc

Unconditioned reflex

Conditioned reflex (correct)

Autonomic reflex

What is the primary role of the medulla oblongata in autonomic control?

Control cardiovascular and respiratory functions Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is considered the principal higher center for the autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of which nuclei in the hypothalamus leads to increased sympathetic functions?

Posterior nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which autonomic function is associated with the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Decreased arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

Controlling respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spinal vasomotor centers?

Maintain vascular tone Signup and view all the answers

Which autonomic function does NOT derive from the hypothalamus?

Ocular reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What type of reflex is involved when increased secretion of saliva and gastric juice occurs as a response to thoughts or sights of food?

Conditioned reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the voluntary control over autonomic functions?

It includes control of micturition and defecation. Signup and view all the answers

During physical exercise, which change occurs in the body due to higher control of autonomic functions?

Increased blood flow in the skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain does NOT play a direct role in modifying autonomic functions?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which autonomic function is regulated by the pons?

Salivary secretion Signup and view all the answers

What effect does stimulation of the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus have?

Constricts pupils Signup and view all the answers

What vital function is NOT regulated by the medulla oblongata?

Body temperature Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the hypothalamus contribute to the internal environment?

By maintaining body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which autonomic responses are enhanced by the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Increased heart rate and arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for micturition control alongside the pons?

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

What function is associated with the spinal vasomotor centers?

Maintaining vascular tone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is primarily reflexive and may involve the sacral spinal cord?

Micturition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autonomic nervous system integration within CNS

Autonomic functions are integrated at various levels within the CNS.
Simple autonomic functions like micturition, defecation and erection are reflexively integrated in the sacral segments of the spinal cord.

Spinal Vasomotor Centers ( LHCs)

Maintain vascular tone.
Integrate some cutaneous vascular reactions.

Medulla Oblongata

Contains vital centers that control cardiovascular and respiratory functions, gastric secretion and vomiting.

Pons

Regulates respiration and salivary secretions.
Controls micturition and ocular reflexes like pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex.

Midbrain

Controls the pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex.

Hypothalamus

Principal higher center for autonomic nervous system.
Head ganglion of autonomic nervous system.
Regulates food intake, adrenaline secretion, body temperature, and body water.
Plays a pivotal role in maintaining internal environment stability.
Affects the activity of almost all the brain stem autonomic centers.
Stimulation of the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus leads to increased parasympathetic function.
Stimulation of the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus leads to increased sympathetic function.

Cerebral Cortex

Certain areas of the cerebral cortex can modify autonomic functions directly or through reticular formation.
Cerebral cortex influences cardiovascular and gastrointestinal changes during psychological disturbances.
Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise.
Increased saliva and gastric juice secretion on seeing or thinking about food (conditioned reflex).
Voluntary control of micturition and defecation.
Some conscious control of heart rate and respiratory rate by yoga players.

Limbic System

Group of tracts and nuclei that form a ring (limbus) around the brain stem.
Limbic system plus hypothalamus are involved in emotions like fear, anger, sadness, hunger and memory.
Limbic stimulation leads to autonomic effects, particularly changes in arterial blood pressure and respiration in response to emotional reactions.

Autonomic Nervous System Integration Within the CNS

Autonomic functions are integrated in the central nervous system (CNS) at various levels.
Simple autonomic reflexes, like micturition, defecation, and erection, are primarily controlled by sacral segments of the spinal cord.
Spinal vasomotor centers (LHCs) maintain vascular tone and integrate cutaneous vascular reactions.

Vital Centers of Autonomic Control

Medulla Oblongata: Controls vital functions such as cardiovascular and respiratory functions, gastric secretion, and vomiting.
Pons: Regulates respiration, salivary secretion, micturition, and ocular reflexes like pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex.
Midbrain: Plays a role in ocular reflexes (pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex).

Hypothalamus: The Head Ganglion of the Autonomic Nervous System

The hypothalamus acts as the principal higher center for the autonomic nervous system.
It regulates various functions, including:
- Food intake.
- Adrenaline secretion.
- Body temperature.
- Body water.
It plays a crucial role in maintaining the internal environment.
Hypothalamus can influence various brainstem autonomic centers.
- Stimulation of anterior nuclei results in increased parasympathetic functions:
  - Decreased heart rate and arterial blood pressure.
  - Pupillary constriction.
  - Increased gastrointestinal motility and micturition.
- Stimulation of posterior nuclei results in increased sympathetic functions:
  - Increased heart rate and arterial blood pressure.
  - Pupillary dilatation.
  - Erection of hair and adrenaline secretion.

Cerebral Cortex and Autonomic Control

Certain areas of the cerebral cortex can directly or indirectly modify autonomic functions through the reticular formation.
Examples of cortical influence include:
- Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal changes during psychological disturbances.
- Increased blood flow in skeletal muscles during exercise.
- Increased saliva and gastric juice secretion upon thinking or seeing food (conditioned reflex).
- Voluntary control of micturition or defecation.
- Conscious control of heart rate and respiratory rate by yoga practitioners.

Limbic System and Autonomic Control

The limbic system, a group of tracts and nuclei surrounding the brainstem, is involved with emotions.
The limbic system, along with the hypothalamus, is involved with emotions like fear, anger, sadness, hunger, and memory.
Stimulation of the limbic system results in autonomic effects, particularly changes in arterial blood pressure and respiration in response to emotional reactions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.