CNS

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Questions and Answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily used at postganglionic synapses in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Serotonin
  • Epinephrine (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'Flight or Fight' response system?

  • Enteric division
  • Sympathetic division (correct)
  • Somatic division
  • Parasympathetic division

From where do parasympathetic fibers leave the central nervous system?

  • Brainstem and sacral portion of the spinal cord (correct)
  • Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
  • Cervical region of the spinal cord
  • Coccygeal region of the spinal cord

What is the major neurotransmitter used at both pre- and postganglionic synapses in the parasympathetic division?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is used by nonadrenergic and noncholinergic postganglionic neurons?

<p>Nitric oxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of acetylcholine receptors are found in the autonomic ganglia?

<p>Nicotinic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cholinergic receptors are present on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells?

<p>Muscarinic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant composition of the mixture released by cells of the adrenal medulla upon activation?

<p>80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe catecholamines released by the adrenal medulla when transported via blood to effector cells?

<p>Hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system usually has an opposite effect on effector cells compared to the other division?

<p>Parasympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily found in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for degrading biogenic amine neurotransmitters made from tyrosine?

<p>Monoamine oxidase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT made from tyrosine?

<p>Serotonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenergic receptors are mainly linked to which type of signal transduction pathways?

<p>G protein-coupled receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biogenic amine neurotransmitter is NOT classified as a catecholamine?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of neuromodulators compared to neurotransmitters?

<p>Neuromodulators modify the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activity over minutes, hours, or days. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do receptors for neuromodulators differ from receptors for neurotransmitters?

<p>Receptors for neuromodulators bring about changes in metabolic processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Alzheimer's disease, which neurons are primarily affected?

<p>Neurons associated with the ACh system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be therapeutically treated using low doses of botulinum toxin?

<p>Uncontrollable blinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of neuromodulators in relation to learning and development?

<p>Neuromodulators tend to be associated with slower events like learning and development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly used to alleviate symptoms in the initial stages of Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Deprenyl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of serotonin receptor is stimulated by LSD?

<p>Serotonin receptor subtype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area in the brain is responsible for the production of dopamine?

<p>Substantia nigra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)?

<p>Serotonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for terminating the signal at a chemical synapse?

<p>Reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of dual innervation, which of the following statements is true?

<p>Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate the same target organ, but with opposite effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the adrenal medulla?

<p>Production of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major divisions of the Nervous System?

<p>Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is the basic cell type in both the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems?

<p>Neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Schwann cells in the Peripheral Nervous System?

<p>Surround and form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cells are involved in the myelin formation in the Central Nervous System?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System?

<p>Support cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses at high speeds?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Microglia in the Central Nervous System?

<p>&quot;Immune system&quot; of the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are vital for regeneration and proper nerve signal conduction in the Peripheral Nervous System?

<p>&quot;Schwann cells&quot; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ependymal cells involved with in the Central Nervous System?

<p>&quot;Production of CSF and CSF movement&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Synapses can use both chemical and electrical stimuli to pass information." Which part of a neuron directly interacts with synapses?

<p>&quot;Axon&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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