Autonomic Nervous System Divisions and Cholinergic Transmission Quiz
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Autonomic Nervous System Divisions and Cholinergic Transmission Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

  • Synthesizes acetyl-CoA and choline
  • Counterbalances the activity of the sympathetic division
  • Mobilizes the body during extreme situations
  • Performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy (correct)

    • Where is Acetyl-CoA synthesized in neurons?

  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • What is the rate-limiting step in Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis?

  • Synthesis of acetyl-CoA
  • Action of choline transporter in ACh synthesis (correct)
  • Transport of ACh from cytoplasm into vesicles
  • Transport of choline into neurons

    • Which enzymes catalyze the synthesis of Acetylcholine (ACh)?

    <p>Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cholinergic neurons?

    <p>Contain small membrane-bound vesicles with ACh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is choline transported into neuron terminals?

    <p>By a Na+-dependent membrane choline cotransporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of vesicles at the terminal?

    <p>Extracellular Ca2+ influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins interact with Ca2+ ions to destabilize storage vesicles?

    <p>Vesicular associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) and synaptosome associated protein (SNAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances can unpredictably prolong muscle paralysis when used as adjuncts to general anesthesia?

    <p>Streptomycin and neomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do botulinum toxin and β-bungarotoxin affect the release of ACh from vesicles?

    <p>By enzymatic removal of amino acids from fusion proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Latrotoxin, found in black widow spider venom, have on synaptic vesicles?

    <p>Causes all stored ACh to empty into the synaptic gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents inhibit Ca2+ entry during the release process of vesicles?

    <p>Mg2+ and various aminoglycoside antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Sympathetic division of the ANS?

    <p>Mobilizing the body during extreme situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of Acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl-CoA and choline?

    <p>Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct inhibitor of the enzyme Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)?

    <p>Naphthoquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs can block the carrier that transports choline into neuron terminals?

    <p>Hemicholiniums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Acetyl-CoA synthesized in neurons before being used in Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the antiporter that transports synthesized ACh into vesicles?

    <p>Removing protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Increased Ca2+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins interact with Ca2+ ions to destabilize the storage vesicles during the release process?

    <p>SNAP and VAMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Mg2+ ions and aminoglycoside antibiotics affect the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles?

    <p>Prolong the release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which Botulinum toxin and β-bungarotoxin block the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles?

    <p>Enzymatic removal of amino acids from fusion proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Latrotoxin from black widow spider venom have on the synaptic vesicles?

    <p>Causes emptying of all ACh stored in the vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of agents like streptomycin and neomycin on muscle paralysis when used during general anesthesia?

    <p>Prolong muscle paralysis unpredictably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The ANS has two divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
    • The Sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations
    • The Parasympathetic division performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy
    • The two divisions counterbalance each other's activity

    Cholinergic Transmission Synthesis

    • Cholinergic neurons contain large numbers of small membrane-bound vesicles concentrated near the synaptic portion of the cell membrane
    • ACh is synthesized in the cytoplasm from acetyl-CoA and choline by the catalytic action of Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
    • α-ketoacids and naphthoquinones are direct inhibitors of the enzyme ChAT
    • Acetyl-CoA is synthesized in mitochondria, which are present in large numbers in the nerve ending

    Choline Transport

    • Choline is transported from the extracellular fluid into the neuron terminal by a Na+-dependent membrane choline cotransporter (Carrier A)
    • This carrier can be blocked by hemicholiniums
    • The action of the choline transporter is the rate-limiting step in ACh synthesis

    ACh Transport and Release

    • Synthesized ACh is transported from the cytoplasm into the vesicles by an antiporter that removes protons (carrier B)
    • This transporter can be blocked by vesamicol
    • Release of ACh is dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and occurs when an action potential reaches the terminal and triggers sufficient influx of Ca2+ ions
    • The increased Ca2+ concentration "destabilizes" the storage vesicles by interacting with special proteins: VAMPs and SNAP

    Inhibitors of ACh Release

    • Mg2+ and various aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. streptomycin and neomycin) can inhibit Ca2+ entry and unpredictably prolong muscle paralysis
    • Botulinum toxin and β-bungarotoxin block the ACh vesicle release process through the enzymatic removal of two amino acids from one or more of the fusion proteins
    • Latrotoxin, the toxin in black widow spider venom, causes all the ACh stored in synaptic vesicles to empty into the synaptic gap, resulting in muscular spasm

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, as well as cholinergic transmission. Learn how these divisions function, their roles in the body, and the process of cholinergic transmission in neurons.

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