Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline?
What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline?
Which drug can block the transport of acetylcholine into vesicles?
Which drug can block the transport of acetylcholine into vesicles?
The release of acetylcholine is dependent on which ion?
The release of acetylcholine is dependent on which ion?
Which toxin blocks the ACh vesicle release process?
Which toxin blocks the ACh vesicle release process?
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After release from the presynaptic terminal, acetylcholine may bind to which type of receptor?
After release from the presynaptic terminal, acetylcholine may bind to which type of receptor?
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What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic transmission?
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic transmission?
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What is the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system also known as?
What is the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system also known as?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the craniosacral division?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the craniosacral division?
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Which organ system is NOT influenced predominantly by the parasympathetic nervous system when the body is at rest?
Which organ system is NOT influenced predominantly by the parasympathetic nervous system when the body is at rest?
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Which of the following is TRUE about the influence on tissue function in most organ systems at rest?
Which of the following is TRUE about the influence on tissue function in most organ systems at rest?
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Which of the following is NOT an exception where the sympathetic nervous system exerts a dominant influence at rest?
Which of the following is NOT an exception where the sympathetic nervous system exerts a dominant influence at rest?
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What neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers?
What neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers?
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Which receptors does acetylcholine act as an agonist for?
Which receptors does acetylcholine act as an agonist for?
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What is the role of acetylcholine at motor neurons?
What is the role of acetylcholine at motor neurons?
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Which postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
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What is unique about the innervation of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is unique about the innervation of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which feature of neurotransmitter function is NOT a potential target of pharmacologic therapy?
Which feature of neurotransmitter function is NOT a potential target of pharmacologic therapy?
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Which type of fibers release norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which type of fibers release norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- Divided into two major subsystems: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system also known as thoracolumbar division
- Parasympathetic nervous system also known as craniosacral division
- Parasympathetic nervous system has a stronger influence on tissue function when the body is at rest, except for vasculature, sweat glands, and ventricular myocardium
Neurotransmitter Chemistry
- Cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for neurotransmission at autonomic ganglia, post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons, motor neurons, sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic sympathetic nerves
- Acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist for muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
Norepinephrine
- Major neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons
- Exception: adrenal medulla, directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
- Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine, called noradrenergic or adrenergic fibers
Features of Neurotransmitter Function
- Synthesis
- Storage
- Release
- Activation of receptors
- Termination of action
Cholinergic Transmission
- Acetylcholine synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline through choline acetyltransferase
- Synthesis can be blocked by hemicholiniums
- Acetylcholine transported into vesicles by vesicle-associated transporter, blocked by vesamicol
- Storage achieved by packaging acetylcholine molecules into vesicles
- Release dependent on extracellular calcium and occurs when action potential reaches terminal
- Fusion of vesicular membranes results in exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine into synaptic cleft
- Release process blocked by botulinum toxin through enzymatic removal of amino acids from fusion proteins
- Acetylcholine binds to and activates acetylcholine receptor, then diffuses within range of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
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Description
Explore the autonomic nervous system, its subdivisions, and the different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. Learn about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their functions.
