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Questions and Answers
What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline?
Which drug can block the transport of acetylcholine into vesicles?
The release of acetylcholine is dependent on which ion?
Which toxin blocks the ACh vesicle release process?
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After release from the presynaptic terminal, acetylcholine may bind to which type of receptor?
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What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic transmission?
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What is the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system also known as?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the craniosacral division?
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Which organ system is NOT influenced predominantly by the parasympathetic nervous system when the body is at rest?
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Which of the following is TRUE about the influence on tissue function in most organ systems at rest?
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Which of the following is NOT an exception where the sympathetic nervous system exerts a dominant influence at rest?
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What neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers?
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Which receptors does acetylcholine act as an agonist for?
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What is the role of acetylcholine at motor neurons?
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Which postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
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What is unique about the innervation of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which feature of neurotransmitter function is NOT a potential target of pharmacologic therapy?
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Which type of fibers release norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- Divided into two major subsystems: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system also known as thoracolumbar division
- Parasympathetic nervous system also known as craniosacral division
- Parasympathetic nervous system has a stronger influence on tissue function when the body is at rest, except for vasculature, sweat glands, and ventricular myocardium
Neurotransmitter Chemistry
- Cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for neurotransmission at autonomic ganglia, post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons, motor neurons, sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic sympathetic nerves
- Acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist for muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
Norepinephrine
- Major neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons
- Exception: adrenal medulla, directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
- Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine, called noradrenergic or adrenergic fibers
Features of Neurotransmitter Function
- Synthesis
- Storage
- Release
- Activation of receptors
- Termination of action
Cholinergic Transmission
- Acetylcholine synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline through choline acetyltransferase
- Synthesis can be blocked by hemicholiniums
- Acetylcholine transported into vesicles by vesicle-associated transporter, blocked by vesamicol
- Storage achieved by packaging acetylcholine molecules into vesicles
- Release dependent on extracellular calcium and occurs when action potential reaches terminal
- Fusion of vesicular membranes results in exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine into synaptic cleft
- Release process blocked by botulinum toxin through enzymatic removal of amino acids from fusion proteins
- Acetylcholine binds to and activates acetylcholine receptor, then diffuses within range of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
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Description
Explore the autonomic nervous system, its subdivisions, and the different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. Learn about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their functions.
