Atomic Models and Periodic Table Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements best describes Dalton's atomic theory?

  • Atoms can be divided into smaller particles.
  • Atoms of different elements are identical in mass and size.
  • Atoms can't be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles. (correct)
  • Chemical reactions change the atoms themselves.

    • Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to the discovery of neutrons in the atom.

    False (B)

    What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between non-metal elements?

    Covalent bond

    Elements in Group 17 of the periodic table are known as ______.

    <p>Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions to atomic theory:

    <p>Dalton = Atomic theory and indivisible atoms Thompson = Raisin bun model of atom Rutherford = Nucleus discovery Bohr = Energy levels of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of metals?

    <p>Shiny, conductive, and ductile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A stable ion has an electron configuration identical to the nearest ______.

    <p>noble gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about acids is true?

    <p>Acids contain hydrogen and release hydrogen ions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Litmus paper turns blue when in the presence of an acid.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a solute and a solvent?

    <p>A solute is the substance that dissolves, while the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One mole of a substance contains _____ particles.

    <p>6.02 x 10^23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Solute = Substance that is dissolved Solvent = Substance that does the dissolving Aqueous = When a substance is dissolved in water Precipitate = Solid that forms when a solution is not dissolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does phenolphthalein turn in a basic solution?

    <p>Pink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bases release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate the molar mass of a compound?

    <p>Add the molar masses of the elements and multiply by the subscript numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules are present in 35 grams of Na2CO3?

    <p>2.0 x 10^23 molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar mass of ammonia (NH3)?

    <p>17.03 g/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ reaction occurs when two substances exchange places, such as AX + BY -> AY + BX.

    <p>double replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of chemical reactions with their definitions:

    <p>Formation = Two or more elements combine to form a compound Decomposition = One compound breaks down into two or more substances Single Replacement = One element replaces another in a compound Combustion = A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction results in a temperature decrease in the surroundings?

    <p>Endothermic reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles are in 3.4 x 10^26 molecules?

    <p>5.6 x 10^2 mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutralization reactions produce salts and water when an acid reacts with a base.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a vector quantity?

    <p>Velocity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total distance is always equal to or greater than total displacement.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total displacement of a person who walks 37 meters west and then 10 meters east?

    <p>27 meters west</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of motion characterized by a constant speed in a straight line is called ______ motion.

    <p>uniform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of motion with their descriptions:

    <p>Uniform Motion = Constant speed in a straight line Accelerated Motion = Changing speed along a curved path Displacement = Shortest path between initial and final position Scalar Quantity = Magnitude only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the difference between scalar and vector quantities?

    <p>Scalars have magnitude only, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person walks 500 meters east and then 300 meters west, what will their total displacement be?

    <p>200 meters east (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of motion is characterized by a change in speed along a curved path?

    <p>Accelerated motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'uniform motion'?

    <p>Moving at a constant speed in a straight line. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example where a person walks 37 meters west and then 10 meters east, what is the total distance traveled?

    <p>47 meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vector quantities?

    <p>Magnitude and direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total distance traveled is always less than or equal to total displacement.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total displacement of a person who walks 500 meters east and then 300 meters west?

    <p>200 meters east</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of motion described as moving at a constant speed in a straight line is known as ______ motion.

    <p>uniform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the formula $V_f = V_i + a\Delta t$, what is the final velocity if the initial velocity is 27.9 m/s, acceleration is 1.2 m/s², and time is 15.5 s?

    <p>41.9 m/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acceleration is calculated by the formula $a = \frac{V_f - V_i}{\Delta t}$.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of acceleration given in the document?

    <p>1.2 m/s²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial velocity (Vi) is ___ m/s, directed towards the north.

    <p>27.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parameters with their descriptions:

    <p>Vi = Initial velocity before acceleration a = Rate of change of velocity Vf = Final velocity after acceleration Δt = Change in time during the acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy?

    <p>$EK = 0.5mv^2$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potential energy decreases as the height of an object increases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the variable 'g' represent in the potential energy formula?

    <p>acceleration due to gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total mechanical energy is calculated as _____.

    <p>$Em = 0.5mv^2 + mgh$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of energy with its description.

    <p>Kinetic Energy = Energy due to motion Potential Energy = Energy due to position or height Mechanical Energy = Total energy of an object in motion and at rest Chemical Energy = Energy stored in atomic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with the first observation of single-celled organisms?

    <p>Leeuwenhoek (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells are derived from pre-existing cells according to the cell theory.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do plant cells utilize to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that life can arise from non-living matter is known as __________.

    <p>Abiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of a nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Genetic material storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions:

    <p>Hooke = First to observe cells Schleiden = Observed plant cells Schwann = Studied animal cells Virchow = Cells arise from pre-existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason cells are generally small in size?

    <p>Efficiency in diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spontaneous generation suggests that life arises only from existing living matter.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a cell takes in large solid particles?

    <p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hypertonic solution, water moves into the cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of photosynthesis in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular respiration, glucose is converted into _____ along with carbon dioxide and water.

    <p>Energy (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of tonicity with its effect on the cell:

    <p>Hypotonic = Cell swells or bursts Hypertonic = Cell shrinks or shrivels Isotonic = No net movement of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>It requires energy to transport substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epidermal tissue in leaves contains chloroplasts.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis can be summarized by the equation: $6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light ightarrow _____ + 6O_2$

    <p>C_6H_{12}O_6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Rough ER (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bacteria are classified as eukaryotes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lysosomes play in the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is an organelle that produces energy by converting sugars into ATP.

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their functions:

    <p>Nucleus = Controls cellular activities Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Golgi Apparatus = Packages proteins Vacuole = Stores substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cell membrane is correct?

    <p>It contains integral and peripheral proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant cells contain a cell wall that provides protection and support.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules?

    <p>Cohesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water enters root cells by osmosis and minerals travel through passive transport.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution of water and minerals that is transported through zylem vessels called?

    <p>Zylem sap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upward movement of water through the stem is primarily aided by ______ and ______.

    <p>cohesion, adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their functions:

    <p>Root hairs = Increase surface area for absorption Phloem = Transports sugars Zylem = Carries zylem sap Companion cells = Support sieve tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guard cells are responsible for preventing gas exchange in leaf cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the movement of water into a cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a cell takes in large solid particles is called __________.

    <p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to plant cells with their functions:

    <p>Xylem = Carries water/minerals from roots to leaves Phloem = Carries sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant Stomata = Tiny openings for gas exchange Cuticle = Prevents evaporation from leaf surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about tonicity is correct?

    <p>Hypertonic solutions cause cells to lose water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue in leaves primarily facilitates photosynthesis?

    <p>Palisade tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the day, which gas is consumed by plants during photosynthesis?

    <p>CO<sub>2</sub> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turgor pressure is low when guard cells are swollen with water.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants lose water through evaporation?

    <p>Transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ growth refers to a plant growing towards a light source.

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the variable 'c' represent in the formula Q = m * c * delta T?

    <p>Specific Heat Capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula Q = n * delta Hfus is used to calculate the energy required to evaporate a substance.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy change (Q) if 2 moles of a substance have a heat of fusion of 10 kJ/mol?

    <p>20 kJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equation Q = m * c * delta T, delta T represents the change in ______.

    <p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the heat of fusion and vaporization:

    <p>delta Hfus = Heat required to melt a substance delta Hvap = Heat required to evaporate a substance Q = Energy in Joules or kilojoules n = Moles of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the number of moles (n) calculated when given the total energy (Q) and heat of vaporization (delta Hvap)?

    <p>n = Q / delta Hvap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to vaporize a substance.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a substance's specific heat capacity is 4.19 J/g * C and its mass is 50 g, what is the energy change for a temperature increase of 10 C?

    <p>2095 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adaptation involves the physical features of an organism?

    <p>Structural adaptation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that flows around the Caribbean.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Coriolis effect?

    <p>The Coriolis effect causes air masses to deflect to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the process where air is forced to rise due to mountains.

    <p>Orographic precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following systems to their characteristics:

    <p>Open = Energy and matter cross system boundary Closed = Only energy crosses boundary Isolated = No energy or matter crosses boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following heat transfer methods does NOT require matter?

    <p>Radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light-colored surfaces have a low albedo.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary greenhouse gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Models

    • Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made of atoms, which cannot be created, destroyed, or divided. Different elements have different-sized atoms. Compounds form when atoms from different elements combine. Chemical reactions involve rearranging atoms, not changing them.
    • Thomson's model suggested atoms contain negatively charged electrons embedded in a positively charged sphere (like plums in a pudding).
    • Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed a dense positive nucleus at the atom's center, with electrons orbiting around it. Most of an atom is empty space. Rutherford also proposed that the positively charged particles in the nucleus are called protons. Positive charges and negative charges are found in the atom.
    • Bohr's model described electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific energy levels. Electrons can only exist in specific energy levels, not between them. The maximum number of electrons at each energy level is limited. Electrons have a negative charge, while protons have a positive charge. Electrons in the outermost energy level are the valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines an atom's reactivity. Electrons orbit the nucleus in distinct energy levels. Neutrons are also found in the nucleus, with no charge.

    Matter and Periodic Table

    • Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their properties & atomic structure, and in particular, electron configurations.
    • Metals are typically located on the left side of the periodic table. They are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are usually solids at room temperature.
    • Nonmetals are primarily located on the right side of the periodic table. They are typically poor conductors, and can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.
    • Metalloids exhibit properties in between metals and nonmetals (semi-conductors). Metalloids are located along the "stair-step" line on the periodic table.
    • Periodicity is the recurring trend in properties of elements as you move across or down the periodic table. Trends include atomic size, electronegativity, ionization energy, and metallic character.
    • Important groups in the periodic table include alkali metals (Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2), halogens (Group 17), and noble gases (Group 18). These groups have predictable properties due to their electron configurations.
    • Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
    • Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom's core.
    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
    • Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all isotopes of an element.
    • Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level and are responsible for chemical bonding.
    • Diatomic elements exist as two atoms (e.g., H₂, O₂, Cl₂). Other diatomic elements include F₂, Br₂, I₂, and N₂.

    Compounds

    • Compounds form when elements bond together through covalent bonds. Atoms share electrons in covalent bonds. Covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.
    • Ionic compounds form when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals. Oppositely charged ions attract each other to form ionic compounds.
    • Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms with a net electric charge. These are treated as single units. Examples include sulfate (SO₄²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), hydroxide (OH⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and phosphate (PO₄³⁻).
    • Compounds such as salts are composed of ions. These ions have opposite electrical charges and attract each other, held by ionic bonds.
    • Molecular compounds contain covalent bonds and typically have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.
    • Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of two atoms of the same element (e.g., H₂, O₂, Cl₂, N₂, F₂, and Br₂).

    Naming Compounds

    • Naming molecular compounds requires prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element. Prefixes like mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, and deca are used.
    • Naming ionic compounds involves writing the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion, with the anion ending in "-ide" for simple ions. Use the specific name for polyatomic ions.
    • Formulas for ionic and molecular compounds can be written from their names, and vice-versa. For ionic compounds, the charges of the ions must balance. For example, NaCl (sodium chloride).
    • For molecular compounds, prefixes are added to each element's name to specify the numbers of atoms in the compound. For example, CO₂ (carbon dioxide) and H₂O (water).

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of atomic models and the arrangement of elements in the periodic table. This quiz covers Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models, as well as the significance of electron configuration. Test your knowledge of matter and how it is classified.

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