Physics 2 Notes PDF
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These notes detail cell biology topics, including the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and the functions of various organelles. It covers cell structures and processes, like the cell membrane, mitochondria, and others.
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- Basic types of organisms: - **Eukaryotes**: multicellular, composed of nucleus and organelles (plants/animals) - **Prokaryotes**: single-celled, lack nucleus and organelles (bacteria/algae) - **Organelles**: open systems that exchange energy/matter. - **Internal cell structures** carry out...
- Basic types of organisms: - **Eukaryotes**: multicellular, composed of nucleus and organelles (plants/animals) - **Prokaryotes**: single-celled, lack nucleus and organelles (bacteria/algae) - **Organelles**: open systems that exchange energy/matter. - **Internal cell structures** carry out specific functions for the cell. - **Brain**: - **nucleus**: controls all cellular activities, materials leave through nuclear pores. - **Nucleolus**: region in the nucleus where ribosomes are made. - **Cell membrane**: protective barrier for the cell, transports nutrients/materials into the cell and wastes out of the cell. - **Rough ER**: attached to nucleus, has ribosomes, produces proteins - **Smooth ER**: attached to rough ER, no ribosomes, produces lipids. - **Golgi Apparatus**: packages/sort proteins from rough ER, flat disc shaped flasks. - **Vesicles**: transport substances through the cell. - **Lysosomes**: specific vesicle contains digestive enzymes which destroy dead or bad parts of the cell or invading bacteria. - **Mitochondria**: produces energy through cellular respiration, sugars converted into useable energy or ATP: $C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 -> 6H_2O + 6CO_2 + ATP$ - **Vacuoles**: balloon like vesicles store water, food, minerals or wastes. - Animal cells have many small ones, plant cells have one large. - **Cytoplasm**: gel substance inside the cell membrane suspends organelles "place holder" - **Centrioles**: helps separate DNA during cell division. - **Cell wall**: protects plant cells, provides shape/support. - **Chloroplasts**: organelle produces energy by photosynthesis. - **Properties of cell membrane**: - **Phospholipid bilayer**: consists of two layers, hydrophilic (water-loving) head, hydrophobic (water-hating) tail. - **Integral proteins**: extend through the entire membrane. - **Channel proteins**: always open, allow ions and water freely flow through. - **Carrier proteins**: open/close from energy (ATP), transports large molecules (sugars/fats). - **Peripheral proteins**: attach to membrane, temporarily provide general support.
