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Questions and Answers
What is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world?
What is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world?
- Obesity
- Atherosclerosis (correct)
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
Which manifestation of atherosclerosis is responsible for almost a quarter of all deaths in the United States?
Which manifestation of atherosclerosis is responsible for almost a quarter of all deaths in the United States?
- Carotid atherosclerotic disease
- Myocardial infarction (correct)
- Aortic atherosclerotic disease
- Stroke
What are the main components of an atheromatous plaque?
What are the main components of an atheromatous plaque?
- Fibrous core and lipid cap
- Calcium deposits and fibrous cap
- Fibrous core and calcium cap
- Lipid core and fibrous cap (correct)
What determines the likelihood of atherosclerosis?
What determines the likelihood of atherosclerosis?
What can atherosclerotic plaques lead to, besides mechanically obstructing blood flow?
What can atherosclerotic plaques lead to, besides mechanically obstructing blood flow?
What is the most important manifestation of atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?
What is the most important manifestation of atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?
Which factor is associated with coronary atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and venous thrombosis?
Which factor is associated with coronary atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and venous thrombosis?
What is a strong, independent marker of risk for cardiovascular events?
What is a strong, independent marker of risk for cardiovascular events?
Which factor is a potent predictor of major atherosclerotic events, including myocardial infarction and stroke?
Which factor is a potent predictor of major atherosclerotic events, including myocardial infarction and stroke?
What is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability, and proinflammatory state?
What is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability, and proinflammatory state?
What is viewed as a chronic inflammatory and healing response of the arterial wall to endothelial injury?
What is viewed as a chronic inflammatory and healing response of the arterial wall to endothelial injury?
What is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy and a surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk?
What is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy and a surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk?
Which factor is strongly associated with atherosclerosis due to certain Mendelian disorders?
Which factor is strongly associated with atherosclerosis due to certain Mendelian disorders?
What is the dominant influence for the incidence of myocardial infarction?
What is the dominant influence for the incidence of myocardial infarction?
Which class of drugs is widely used to lower serum cholesterol levels and lower rates of myocardial infarctions?
Which class of drugs is widely used to lower serum cholesterol levels and lower rates of myocardial infarctions?
What can increase the risk of ischemic heart disease by approximately 60% versus normotensive populations?
What can increase the risk of ischemic heart disease by approximately 60% versus normotensive populations?
Which population has death rates for coronary artery disease exceeding those in the United States?
Which population has death rates for coronary artery disease exceeding those in the United States?
What is relatively protective against atherosclerosis and its consequences compared with age-matched men?
What is relatively protective against atherosclerosis and its consequences compared with age-matched men?
What are the dominant lipids in atheromatous plaques?
What are the dominant lipids in atheromatous plaques?
What directly impairs endothelial function and leads to the formation of foam cells?
What directly impairs endothelial function and leads to the formation of foam cells?
What contributes to the progressive growth of atherosclerotic lesions?
What contributes to the progressive growth of atherosclerotic lesions?
What is the result of lipoprotein abnormalities associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis?
What is the result of lipoprotein abnormalities associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis?
What promotes atheroprotective gene expression?
What promotes atheroprotective gene expression?
What plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
What plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
What stimulates smooth muscle cells to synthesize extracellular matrix, stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques?
What stimulates smooth muscle cells to synthesize extracellular matrix, stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques?
What is the major consequence of a growing atherosclerotic plaque?
What is the major consequence of a growing atherosclerotic plaque?
What leads to platelet and monocyte adhesion due to endothelial dysfunction?
What leads to platelet and monocyte adhesion due to endothelial dysfunction?
What do foam cells in atheromatous plaques accumulate from macrophages and smooth muscle cells?
What do foam cells in atheromatous plaques accumulate from macrophages and smooth muscle cells?
Which vessels are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?
Which vessels are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?
When does critical stenosis occur?
When does critical stenosis occur?
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Study Notes
Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis and Consequences
- Growth factors like PDGF, FGF, and TGF-α stimulate SMCs to synthesize ECM, stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
- Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response driven by EC injury, lipid accumulation, and inflammation.
- Atheromas consist of dysfunctional ECs, proliferating SMCs, T lymphocytes, and macrophages, releasing mediators influencing atherogenesis.
- Plaques evolve from aggregates of SMCs, macrophages, and foam cells to lesions with ECM, fibrous caps, and central lipid cores.
- A growing atherosclerotic plaque compromises blood flow, erodes, or ruptures, leading to thrombosis and vascular occlusion.
- Endothelial dysfunction due to hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension results in platelet and monocyte adhesion.
- Foam cells in atheromatous plaques accumulate modified lipids from macrophages and SMCs, leading to cholesterol accumulation.
- Consequences of atherosclerosis include myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic aneurysms, and peripheral vascular disease.
- Large elastic and muscular arteries are major targets of atherosclerosis, primarily affecting the heart, brain, kidneys, and lower extremities.
- Atherosclerotic stenosis gradually occludes vessel lumens, compromising blood flow and causing ischemic injury.
- Critical stenosis occurs when the occlusion produces a 70% to 75% decrease in luminal cross-sectional area, leading to tissue ischemia.
- Acute plaque change, such as erosion or rupture, results in vascular thrombosis and acute tissue infarction.
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