47 Questions
What is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women?
Ischemic heart disease
Which characteristic best describes angina pectoris?
Gradual chest discomfort that can last for hours
What is the main pathogenesis of myocardial infarction (MI)?
Coronary atherosclerosis
What are the most frequent symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?
Profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting
What is the primary mechanism that leads to heart failure?
Impaired ability of the heart to function as a pump
Which cardiovascular disease is characterized by loss of elastic tissue leading to weakness and aneurysmal dilation?
Aortic aneurysms
What is the primary reason for the morphological and clinical effects of left-sided congestive heart failure?
Congestion of the pulmonary circulation
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided heart failure?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
What is the hallmark of right-sided heart failure?
Pretibial oedema
In left heart failure, what is the typical dilation seen in the lungs?
Perivascular and interstitial oedema
Which condition is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure?
Right-sided heart failure
What is the typical liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure?
Congestive hepatomegaly
What is the main characteristic of atherosclerosis?
Thickening of arterial walls
Which arteries are primarily affected by the development of atherosclerotic plaques?
Elastic arteries and large muscular arteries
What lipid abnormality is associated with atherosclerosis?
Increased LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol
What is the main component of the atherosclerotic plaque's core?
Cholesterol and cholesterol esters
Which risk factor for atherosclerosis is considered non-modifiable?
Age
What is the main type of lipoprotein that accumulates in the vessel wall during atherosclerosis?
LDL
Which cell type undergoes transformation into foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques?
Macrophages
What is the initial manifestation of aortic atherosclerosis at an early stage?
Fatty streaks
Which event leads to increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury
What can result from the rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface in atherosclerotic plaques?
Thrombosis
What occurs as a consequence of plaque rupture releasing atherosclerotic debris into the bloodstream?
Microemboli formation
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men only.
False
Heart failure can only result from structural cardiac disorders that impair the heart's ability to pump blood.
False
Sudden cardiac death is not a clinical manifestation of Ischemic heart disease (IHD).
False
Aneurysmal dilation and potential rupture are stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis and complications.
True
Fatty streaks in aortic atherosclerosis are characterized by lipid-filled foamy leukocytes.
False
Myocardial infarction is also known as heart failure.
False
Advanced complicated atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta results in the formation of thrombi.
True
Silent ischemia refers to ischemic events that are always perceived by patients.
False
Thrombosis is a consequence of plaque rupture due to intra-plaque hemorrhage.
True
Platelet adhesion is not observed in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
False
Extracellular matrices in atherosclerotic plaques consist mainly of collagen, elastin, and lipoproteins.
False
Aneurysm formation is not associated with atherosclerosis.
False
Atherosclerosis mainly affects muscular arteries such as the coronary arteries.
True
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of a deep necrotic core containing only lipid aggregates.
False
Having a positive family history is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.
False
The soft, yellow, grumous core of an atherosclerotic plaque is mainly composed of cholesterol esters.
True
Physical inactivity is not considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.
False
Atherosclerotic plaques are primarily composed of cholesterol crystals with minimal fibrous components.
False
Pulmonary congestion and edema are common morphological and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure.
False
Left ventricle hypertrophy is not a typical morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure.
False
Stasis of blood in the right-sided chambers is one of the primary causes of right-sided heart failure.
False
Congestive hepatomegaly is a common liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure.
True
Ankle and pretibial edema are hallmark signs of left-sided heart failure.
False
Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common causes of right-sided heart failure.
False
Study Notes
- Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by intimal lesions (atheromas) in elastic arteries and large muscular arteries, resulting in loss of elasticity and obstruction of vascular lumens.
- Atherosclerosis is associated with increased LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol.
- Risk factors for atherosclerosis include both non-modifiable (age, gender, positive family history, genetic abnormality) and modifiable (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity) factors.
- Atherosclerotic plaques consist of a raised lesion with a soft, yellow, grumous core of lipid (mainly cholesterol and cholesterol esters) covered by a white fibrous cap.
- The structure of atherosclerotic plaques includes a superficial fibrous cap, a more cellular area beneath the cap, a necrotic core, and neovascularization at the periphery of the lesions.
- Key pathogenic events in atherosclerosis include endothelial injury, accumulation of lipoproteins, monocyte adhesion and transformation into macrophages and foam cells, platelet adhesion, and factor release from activated cells.
- Consequences of atherosclerotic plaques include rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface, haemorrhage into a plaque, atheroembolism, and aneurysm formation.
- Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
- Clinical manifestations of IHD include angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, characterized by chest pain and death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged severe ischemia, respectively.
- Heart failure is a complex syndrome resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the heart's ability to function as a pump, leading to congestion, stasis of blood, and hypoperfusion of tissues.
- Left-sided heart failure is most commonly caused by ischemic heart disease and hypertension, resulting in congestion of the pulmonary circulation, stasis of blood in the left-sided chambers, and hypoperfusion of tissues.
- Right-sided heart failure is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure, resulting in congestive hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pulmonary oedema, and accumulation of fluid in pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces.
Test your knowledge on the stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis, complications, and clinical outcomes. Learn about the major consequences such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and aortic aneurysms.
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