Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis and Complications Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women?

  • Peripheral vascular disease (gangrene of the legs)
  • Ischemic heart disease (correct)
  • Aortic aneurysms
  • Myocardial infarction

    • Which characteristic best describes angina pectoris?

  • Sudden onset pain lasting for a few seconds
  • Painless sensation in the chest
  • Knifelike pain lasting for over an hour
  • Gradual chest discomfort that can last for hours (correct)

    • What is the main pathogenesis of myocardial infarction (MI)?

  • Embolism from the left atrium in association with atrial fibrillation
  • Coronary atherosclerosis (correct)
  • Vasospasm with or without coronary atherosclerosis
  • Other unknown causes

    • What are the most frequent symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that leads to heart failure?

    <p>Impaired ability of the heart to function as a pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular disease is characterized by loss of elastic tissue leading to weakness and aneurysmal dilation?

    <p>Aortic aneurysms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the morphological and clinical effects of left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Congestion of the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Right ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Pretibial oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In left heart failure, what is the typical dilation seen in the lungs?

    <p>Perivascular and interstitial oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Congestive hepatomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Thickening of arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries are primarily affected by the development of atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Elastic arteries and large muscular arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lipid abnormality is associated with atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increased LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the atherosclerotic plaque's core?

    <p>Cholesterol and cholesterol esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor for atherosclerosis is considered non-modifiable?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of lipoprotein that accumulates in the vessel wall during atherosclerosis?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type undergoes transformation into foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial manifestation of aortic atherosclerosis at an early stage?

    <p>Fatty streaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event leads to increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Endothelial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a consequence of plaque rupture releasing atherosclerotic debris into the bloodstream?

    <p>Microemboli formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure can only result from structural cardiac disorders that impair the heart's ability to pump blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sudden cardiac death is not a clinical manifestation of Ischemic heart disease (IHD).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aneurysmal dilation and potential rupture are stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis and complications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty streaks in aortic atherosclerosis are characterized by lipid-filled foamy leukocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myocardial infarction is also known as heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Advanced complicated atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta results in the formation of thrombi.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silent ischemia refers to ischemic events that are always perceived by patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombosis is a consequence of plaque rupture due to intra-plaque hemorrhage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelet adhesion is not observed in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extracellular matrices in atherosclerotic plaques consist mainly of collagen, elastin, and lipoproteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aneurysm formation is not associated with atherosclerosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis mainly affects muscular arteries such as the coronary arteries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of a deep necrotic core containing only lipid aggregates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having a positive family history is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soft, yellow, grumous core of an atherosclerotic plaque is mainly composed of cholesterol esters.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical inactivity is not considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerotic plaques are primarily composed of cholesterol crystals with minimal fibrous components.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary congestion and edema are common morphological and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Left ventricle hypertrophy is not a typical morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stasis of blood in the right-sided chambers is one of the primary causes of right-sided heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congestive hepatomegaly is a common liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ankle and pretibial edema are hallmark signs of left-sided heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common causes of right-sided heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by intimal lesions (atheromas) in elastic arteries and large muscular arteries, resulting in loss of elasticity and obstruction of vascular lumens.
    • Atherosclerosis is associated with increased LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol.
    • Risk factors for atherosclerosis include both non-modifiable (age, gender, positive family history, genetic abnormality) and modifiable (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity) factors.
    • Atherosclerotic plaques consist of a raised lesion with a soft, yellow, grumous core of lipid (mainly cholesterol and cholesterol esters) covered by a white fibrous cap.
    • The structure of atherosclerotic plaques includes a superficial fibrous cap, a more cellular area beneath the cap, a necrotic core, and neovascularization at the periphery of the lesions.
    • Key pathogenic events in atherosclerosis include endothelial injury, accumulation of lipoproteins, monocyte adhesion and transformation into macrophages and foam cells, platelet adhesion, and factor release from activated cells.
    • Consequences of atherosclerotic plaques include rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface, haemorrhage into a plaque, atheroembolism, and aneurysm formation.
    • Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
    • Clinical manifestations of IHD include angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, characterized by chest pain and death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged severe ischemia, respectively.
    • Heart failure is a complex syndrome resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the heart's ability to function as a pump, leading to congestion, stasis of blood, and hypoperfusion of tissues.
    • Left-sided heart failure is most commonly caused by ischemic heart disease and hypertension, resulting in congestion of the pulmonary circulation, stasis of blood in the left-sided chambers, and hypoperfusion of tissues.
    • Right-sided heart failure is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure, resulting in congestive hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pulmonary oedema, and accumulation of fluid in pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis, complications, and clinical outcomes. Learn about the major consequences such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and aortic aneurysms.

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