Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women?
What is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women?
- Peripheral vascular disease (gangrene of the legs)
- Ischemic heart disease (correct)
- Aortic aneurysms
- Myocardial infarction
Which characteristic best describes angina pectoris?
Which characteristic best describes angina pectoris?
- Sudden onset pain lasting for a few seconds
- Painless sensation in the chest
- Knifelike pain lasting for over an hour
- Gradual chest discomfort that can last for hours (correct)
What is the main pathogenesis of myocardial infarction (MI)?
What is the main pathogenesis of myocardial infarction (MI)?
- Embolism from the left atrium in association with atrial fibrillation
- Coronary atherosclerosis (correct)
- Vasospasm with or without coronary atherosclerosis
- Other unknown causes
What are the most frequent symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?
What are the most frequent symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?
What is the primary mechanism that leads to heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism that leads to heart failure?
Which cardiovascular disease is characterized by loss of elastic tissue leading to weakness and aneurysmal dilation?
Which cardiovascular disease is characterized by loss of elastic tissue leading to weakness and aneurysmal dilation?
What is the primary reason for the morphological and clinical effects of left-sided congestive heart failure?
What is the primary reason for the morphological and clinical effects of left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided heart failure?
What is the hallmark of right-sided heart failure?
What is the hallmark of right-sided heart failure?
In left heart failure, what is the typical dilation seen in the lungs?
In left heart failure, what is the typical dilation seen in the lungs?
Which condition is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure?
Which condition is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure?
What is the typical liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure?
What is the typical liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure?
What is the main characteristic of atherosclerosis?
What is the main characteristic of atherosclerosis?
Which arteries are primarily affected by the development of atherosclerotic plaques?
Which arteries are primarily affected by the development of atherosclerotic plaques?
What lipid abnormality is associated with atherosclerosis?
What lipid abnormality is associated with atherosclerosis?
What is the main component of the atherosclerotic plaque's core?
What is the main component of the atherosclerotic plaque's core?
Which risk factor for atherosclerosis is considered non-modifiable?
Which risk factor for atherosclerosis is considered non-modifiable?
What is the main type of lipoprotein that accumulates in the vessel wall during atherosclerosis?
What is the main type of lipoprotein that accumulates in the vessel wall during atherosclerosis?
Which cell type undergoes transformation into foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques?
Which cell type undergoes transformation into foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques?
What is the initial manifestation of aortic atherosclerosis at an early stage?
What is the initial manifestation of aortic atherosclerosis at an early stage?
Which event leads to increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Which event leads to increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
What can result from the rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface in atherosclerotic plaques?
What can result from the rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface in atherosclerotic plaques?
What occurs as a consequence of plaque rupture releasing atherosclerotic debris into the bloodstream?
What occurs as a consequence of plaque rupture releasing atherosclerotic debris into the bloodstream?
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men only.
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men only.
Heart failure can only result from structural cardiac disorders that impair the heart's ability to pump blood.
Heart failure can only result from structural cardiac disorders that impair the heart's ability to pump blood.
Sudden cardiac death is not a clinical manifestation of Ischemic heart disease (IHD).
Sudden cardiac death is not a clinical manifestation of Ischemic heart disease (IHD).
Aneurysmal dilation and potential rupture are stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis and complications.
Aneurysmal dilation and potential rupture are stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis and complications.
Fatty streaks in aortic atherosclerosis are characterized by lipid-filled foamy leukocytes.
Fatty streaks in aortic atherosclerosis are characterized by lipid-filled foamy leukocytes.
Myocardial infarction is also known as heart failure.
Myocardial infarction is also known as heart failure.
Advanced complicated atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta results in the formation of thrombi.
Advanced complicated atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta results in the formation of thrombi.
Silent ischemia refers to ischemic events that are always perceived by patients.
Silent ischemia refers to ischemic events that are always perceived by patients.
Thrombosis is a consequence of plaque rupture due to intra-plaque hemorrhage.
Thrombosis is a consequence of plaque rupture due to intra-plaque hemorrhage.
Platelet adhesion is not observed in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Platelet adhesion is not observed in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Extracellular matrices in atherosclerotic plaques consist mainly of collagen, elastin, and lipoproteins.
Extracellular matrices in atherosclerotic plaques consist mainly of collagen, elastin, and lipoproteins.
Aneurysm formation is not associated with atherosclerosis.
Aneurysm formation is not associated with atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis mainly affects muscular arteries such as the coronary arteries.
Atherosclerosis mainly affects muscular arteries such as the coronary arteries.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of a deep necrotic core containing only lipid aggregates.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of a deep necrotic core containing only lipid aggregates.
Having a positive family history is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Having a positive family history is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.
The soft, yellow, grumous core of an atherosclerotic plaque is mainly composed of cholesterol esters.
The soft, yellow, grumous core of an atherosclerotic plaque is mainly composed of cholesterol esters.
Physical inactivity is not considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Physical inactivity is not considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerotic plaques are primarily composed of cholesterol crystals with minimal fibrous components.
Atherosclerotic plaques are primarily composed of cholesterol crystals with minimal fibrous components.
Pulmonary congestion and edema are common morphological and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure.
Pulmonary congestion and edema are common morphological and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure.
Left ventricle hypertrophy is not a typical morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure.
Left ventricle hypertrophy is not a typical morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure.
Stasis of blood in the right-sided chambers is one of the primary causes of right-sided heart failure.
Stasis of blood in the right-sided chambers is one of the primary causes of right-sided heart failure.
Congestive hepatomegaly is a common liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure.
Congestive hepatomegaly is a common liver morphology associated with right-sided heart failure.
Ankle and pretibial edema are hallmark signs of left-sided heart failure.
Ankle and pretibial edema are hallmark signs of left-sided heart failure.
Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common causes of right-sided heart failure.
Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common causes of right-sided heart failure.
Study Notes
- Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by intimal lesions (atheromas) in elastic arteries and large muscular arteries, resulting in loss of elasticity and obstruction of vascular lumens.
- Atherosclerosis is associated with increased LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol.
- Risk factors for atherosclerosis include both non-modifiable (age, gender, positive family history, genetic abnormality) and modifiable (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity) factors.
- Atherosclerotic plaques consist of a raised lesion with a soft, yellow, grumous core of lipid (mainly cholesterol and cholesterol esters) covered by a white fibrous cap.
- The structure of atherosclerotic plaques includes a superficial fibrous cap, a more cellular area beneath the cap, a necrotic core, and neovascularization at the periphery of the lesions.
- Key pathogenic events in atherosclerosis include endothelial injury, accumulation of lipoproteins, monocyte adhesion and transformation into macrophages and foam cells, platelet adhesion, and factor release from activated cells.
- Consequences of atherosclerotic plaques include rupture, ulceration, or erosion of the intimal surface, haemorrhage into a plaque, atheroembolism, and aneurysm formation.
- Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide for both men and women due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
- Clinical manifestations of IHD include angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, characterized by chest pain and death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged severe ischemia, respectively.
- Heart failure is a complex syndrome resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the heart's ability to function as a pump, leading to congestion, stasis of blood, and hypoperfusion of tissues.
- Left-sided heart failure is most commonly caused by ischemic heart disease and hypertension, resulting in congestion of the pulmonary circulation, stasis of blood in the left-sided chambers, and hypoperfusion of tissues.
- Right-sided heart failure is most commonly a secondary consequence of left-sided heart failure, resulting in congestive hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pulmonary oedema, and accumulation of fluid in pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the stages of atherosclerotic pathogenesis, complications, and clinical outcomes. Learn about the major consequences such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and aortic aneurysms.
