38 Questions
What is the primary characteristic of asymmetric cell division?
One daughter cell is identical to the parent cell, and the other has a different fate
What is the purpose of asymmetric division in stem cells?
To maintain the number of stem cells while generating other cell types
What can differ between daughter cells produced by asymmetric cell division?
Their size, shape, composition, and genes' state of activity
What determines the fate of daughter cells produced by asymmetric cell division?
The internal signals and differences in their internal state
What is a series of symmetric and/or asymmetric cell divisions called?
Cell lineage
What are the two critical properties of stem cells?
Self-renewal and generating progeny with restricted potential
What type of cells do stem cells give rise to in the adult body?
Transient amplifying cells and lineage-restricted progenitor cells
What is the final outcome of the pathway from stem cells to differentiated cells?
Terminally differentiated cells
What is the function of extracellular matrix interactions in controlling hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and renewal?
To regulate proliferation and renewal
What is the outcome of asymmetric cell division in hematopoietic stem cells?
One multipotent daughter cell and one differentiated daughter cell
What is the role of osteoblasts in the bone microenvironment?
To support HSC proliferation and self-renewal
What determines the fate of common lymphoid and common myeloid progenitors?
The type and amount of cytokines present
What is the characteristic of multipotent progenitor cells?
They can give rise to several types of differentiated blood cells
What is the outcome of symmetric cell division in hematopoietic stem cells?
Two multipotent daughter cells
What is the role of adherens junctions in hematopoietic stem cells?
To regulate HSC proliferation and renewal
What is the characteristic of unipotent progenitor cells?
They can give rise to only one type of differentiated blood cell
What is a characteristic of multipotent somatic stem cells during division?
At least one daughter cell becomes a stem cell like the parent cell.
What is the term for the ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into multiple cell types?
Plasticity
What is the main difference between multipotent somatic stem cells and lineage-restricted progenitor cells?
Multipotent somatic stem cells can give rise to multiple cell types, while lineage-restricted progenitor cells can only give rise to one cell type.
What type of stem cell can give rise to all three germ layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm?
Pluripotent stem cells
What is the function of transient amplifying cells?
To rapidly divide and produce lineage-restricted progenitor cells.
What is the term for stem cells that can give rise to only one cell type under normal situations?
Unipotent stem cells
Which of the following is an example of a unipotent stem cell?
Myoblast
What is the main function of stem cells in the body?
To maintain the stem cell population through self-renewal divisions.
What is the main function of hematopoietic stem cells?
To give rise to all types of blood cells
In which tissue type have multipotent stem cells been identified?
Skeletal muscle
What is the name of the stem cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis and at the base of hair follicles?
Skin stem cells
What types of cells can mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?
Osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other connective tissue cells
What is the name of the stem cells that can differentiate into nerve cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes?
Neural stem cells
In which tissue type can multipotent stem cells be found?
Brain and bone marrow
Which of the following disorders is being targeted in ongoing human clinical trials using iPSC-derived lines?
Macular degeneration
What is the primary goal of using gene targeting in patient-specific iPS cells?
To repair the DNA sequence
What is the outcome of directed differentiation of patient-specific iPS cells into the affected neuronal subtype?
The patient's disease is modeled in vitro
What is the primary purpose of bone marrow transplants?
To generate new, functional blood cells in patients
Which of the following is NOT a potential application of iPSC-derived lines?
Autoimmune disorders
What is the source of cells used to derive patient-specific iPS cells?
Skin biopsy
What is the potential outcome of using iPSC-derived lines in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
The patient's symptoms are alleviated
What is the advantage of using patient-specific iPS cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders?
They can be used to model diseases in vitro
Study Notes
Asymmetric Cell Division
- In asymmetric cell division, the two daughter cells have different fates and may differ in size, shape, composition, and gene expression.
- This type of division is common in stem cells, allowing the number of stem cells to remain constant while generating other cells that mature into different cell types.
Stem Cell Properties
- Stem cells have two critical properties:
- Self-renewal: the ability to reproduce themselves during many cell divisions.
- Generation of progeny with more restricted potential.
Stem Cell Types
- Pluripotent stem cells:
- Found in embryos and can give rise to all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
- Can differentiate into multiple cell types.
- Unipotent stem cells:
- Found in adult tissues and can generate cells of the same tissue type.
- Give rise to only one cell type (e.g., myoblasts give rise to myocytes).
- Multipotent stem cells:
- Found in adult tissues and can generate multiple cell types.
- Examples include hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, skin stem cells, and neural stem cells.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Give rise to all types of blood cells (red blood cells, B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and platelets).
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Also known as bone marrow stromal cells.
- Give rise to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other connective tissue cells.
Skin Stem Cells
- Found in the basal layer of the epidermis and at the base of hair follicles.
- Give rise to keratinocytes, hair follicles, and the epidermis.
Neural Stem Cells
- Found in the brain and give rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
Extrinsic Signaling
- Extracellular matrix interactions and signaling pathways control stem cell proliferation and renewal.
- Hematopoietic stem cells that associate with certain osteoblasts in the bone microenvironment remain as stem cells, while those outside of this environment differentiate.
Formation of Blood Cells
- Hematopoietic stem cells can divide symmetrically to increase stem cell numbers or asymmetrically to form one stem cell and one cell with a more restricted fate.
- This leads to the formation of common lymphoid or common myeloid progenitors, which then give rise to different types of progenitor cells and eventually, differentiated blood cells.
iPS Cells and Medical Applications
- iPS cells can be used to model human diseases in vitro and for drug screening.
- Patient-specific iPS cells can be used for gene correction and transplantation to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
- iPS cells have potential applications in the treatment of spinal cord injury, macular degeneration, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and heart failure.
Bone Marrow Transplants
- Stem cells in transplanted marrow can generate new, functional blood cells in patients with certain hereditary blood diseases and in cancer patients who have received irradiation and/or chemotherapy.
This quiz covers the concept of asymmetric cell division, where daughter cells resulting from division differ from each other and the parent cell, often seen in stem cells.
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