AP Psychology Unit 8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What happens during the exhaustion phase of ARE?

Time passes and no relief from stress, your body gets tired. Risk of illness, collapse, or death.

What is epinephrine?

Stress hormone released by the adrenal glands.

What is norepinephrine?

Stress hormone released by the adrenal glands.

What are physiological illnesses?

Literally mind-body illness; any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches. Signup and view all the answers

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system and health. Signup and view all the answers

There are four types of lymphocytes: T _; B ____; macrophage, and natural killer cells.

lymphocytes; lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What are T lymphocytes?

White blood cells formed in the thymus and lymphatic tissue that attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Signup and view all the answers

What are B lymphocytes?

White blood cells formed in the bone marrow that release antibodies that fight bacterial infections. Signup and view all the answers

What are macrophages?

White blood cells that eat harmful invaders and worn-out cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are natural killer cells?

White blood cells that find diseased cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is coronary heart disease?

America's leading cause of death in which the vessels that lead to the heart are clogged. Signup and view all the answers

What is motivation?

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are perspectives of motivation? (Select all that apply)

Drive Reduction Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does instinct theory propose?

Focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is drive reduction theory?

A perspective where a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates the organism to satisfy that need. Signup and view all the answers

What does optimal arousal theory state?

Humans seek to have optimum levels of arousal rather than eliminate it. Signup and view all the answers

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A pyramid representing human needs, where physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs. Signup and view all the answers

Define homeostasis.

A tendency to maintain a balance or constant internal state. Signup and view all the answers

What is an incentive?

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Define self-actualization.

The fulfillment of personal potential and seeking personal growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is anorexia nervosa?

A psychological disorder characterized by an obsession with weight leading to self-starvation. Signup and view all the answers

What is bulimia nervosa?

An eating disorder involving episodes of overeating followed by purging. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'drive' refer to in motivation?

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

The theory that we strive for agreement between our thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of stress?

Catastrophes, life changes, and daily hassles. Signup and view all the answers

Define the concept of the general adaptation syndrome.

A theory describing the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards goals such as food and social connections.

Four Perspectives of Motivation

Instinct Theory: Focus on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Drive Reduction Theory: Highlights how physiological needs create aroused tension, driving behavior to achieve homeostasis.
Optimal Arousal Theory: Proposes that humans seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal, neither too high nor too low.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Organizes human needs in a pyramid, with physiological needs at the base.

Homeostasis

Describes the body's tendency to maintain a balanced internal state, essential for functions like temperature regulation.

Hormones Involved in Hunger

Ghrelin: Secreted by an empty stomach, signals hunger.
Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone from the hypothalamus.
Leptin: Secreted by fat cells to curb hunger and increase metabolism.
PYY: Signals fullness to the hypothalamus.

Theories of Sexual Response

Sexual Response Cycle Stages: Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
Refractory Period: Recovery phase after orgasm where another cannot occur.

Sexual Dysfunctions

Include erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, low sex drive, and female orgasmic disorder, all of which can cause distress.

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory: Emotions result from physiological reactions.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
Two-Factor Theory: Emotions arise from both physical arousal and cognitive labeling.

Types of Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation: Internal rewards such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation: External rewards like grades or salary.

Conflicts in Decision Making

Approach-Approach Conflict: Choosing between two desirable outcomes.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: Choosing between two unattractive outcomes.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict: A single choice with both positive and negative features.

Stress

Types of Stress: Include catastrophes, life changes, and daily hassles.
GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome): Describes the body's response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Immune Response and Stress

Psychoneuroimmunology: Examines how psychological factors influence the immune system and health.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells involved in fighting infections, with T and B lymphocytes having specialized roles.

Health Implications

Coronary Heart Disease: Leading cause of death in America, linked to stress and associated with Type A personality traits.

Conclusion

Understanding the complex interplay of motivation, emotion, stress, and health can enhance psychological well-being and personal development.

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Description

Test your knowledge on motivation and its various theories with these flashcards from AP Psychology Unit 8. Explore concepts like instinct theory, drive reduction theory, and Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. Perfect for revision and mastering key psychological terms.