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Questions and Answers
What is the primary basis for empirical prescribing?
What is the primary basis for empirical prescribing?
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when deciding to prescribe an antimicrobial?
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when deciding to prescribe an antimicrobial?
In what situation should microbiological samples be considered before prescribing antimicrobials?
In what situation should microbiological samples be considered before prescribing antimicrobials?
Which question should be assessed first when considering the need for an antimicrobial?
Which question should be assessed first when considering the need for an antimicrobial?
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What factor should be considered when determining the appropriate antimicrobial to prescribe?
What factor should be considered when determining the appropriate antimicrobial to prescribe?
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Which characteristic is true for aminoglycosides?
Which characteristic is true for aminoglycosides?
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What is a common side effect associated with aminoglycosides?
What is a common side effect associated with aminoglycosides?
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Gentamicin is primarily used in combination with which of the following?
Gentamicin is primarily used in combination with which of the following?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides and lincosamides?
What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides and lincosamides?
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Which type of bacteria are primarily targeted by aminoglycosides?
Which type of bacteria are primarily targeted by aminoglycosides?
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What is NOT one of the four main mechanisms of actions of antibacterials?
What is NOT one of the four main mechanisms of actions of antibacterials?
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Which type of bacteria can be targeted by antibacterial mechanisms due to their distinct biological characteristics?
Which type of bacteria can be targeted by antibacterial mechanisms due to their distinct biological characteristics?
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What class of antibiotics includes 3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporins?
What class of antibiotics includes 3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporins?
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Which of the following types of antibiotics can potentially be considered when there are no antibiotics in Category D that are clinically effective?
Which of the following types of antibiotics can potentially be considered when there are no antibiotics in Category D that are clinically effective?
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Which statement correctly describes the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Which statement correctly describes the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of action of tetracycline antibiotics?
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Which type of bacteria are tetracyclines effective against?
Which type of bacteria are tetracyclines effective against?
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Why should tetracycline antibiotics be used with caution in young animals?
Why should tetracycline antibiotics be used with caution in young animals?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with tetracycline antibiotics?
What is a common adverse effect associated with tetracycline antibiotics?
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Which of the following tetracycline antibiotics is mentioned as being licensed for the treatment of specific infections in cats and dogs?
Which of the following tetracycline antibiotics is mentioned as being licensed for the treatment of specific infections in cats and dogs?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors?
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What class does Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine belong to?
What class does Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine belong to?
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Which of the following is NOT a common use for Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine?
Which of the following is NOT a common use for Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine?
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What kind of bacteria does metronidazole target?
What kind of bacteria does metronidazole target?
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What is a notable safety concern regarding the use of nitroimidazoles in food-producing animals?
What is a notable safety concern regarding the use of nitroimidazoles in food-producing animals?
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Among the following adverse effects, which is considered uncommon with TMPS?
Among the following adverse effects, which is considered uncommon with TMPS?
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What aspect of Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine makes it especially advantageous for treating infections?
What aspect of Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine makes it especially advantageous for treating infections?
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Which statement is true about metronidazole's use?
Which statement is true about metronidazole's use?
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Which class of antibiotics works by inhibiting protein synthesis?
Which class of antibiotics works by inhibiting protein synthesis?
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What is the main action of β-lactam antibiotics?
What is the main action of β-lactam antibiotics?
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Which antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram -ve aerobic bacteria?
Which antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram -ve aerobic bacteria?
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What is the primary use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine?
What is the primary use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine?
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Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic?
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic?
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How do sulfonamides primarily act in bacterial infections?
How do sulfonamides primarily act in bacterial infections?
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Which class of antibiotics would you prescribe to target Mycoplasma effectively?
Which class of antibiotics would you prescribe to target Mycoplasma effectively?
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Which antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of infections caused by Pasteurella multocida in rabbits?
Which antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of infections caused by Pasteurella multocida in rabbits?
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Which of the following antibiotics is a third generation macrolide with activity against Gram -ve bacteria?
Which of the following antibiotics is a third generation macrolide with activity against Gram -ve bacteria?
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What is a common characteristic of aminoglycosides?
What is a common characteristic of aminoglycosides?
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Study Notes
Antimicrobials in Veterinary Medicine
- Antimicrobials are used to treat various infections in animals
- Different classes of antimicrobials have specific mechanisms of action
- The choice of antimicrobial is crucial for effective treatment and minimizing resistance
- Empirical prescribing, based on clinical judgment, is common; used when diagnostic test results are unavailable
- The best choice is the narrowest-spectrum drug effective for the suspected organisms
- Prescribing considerations include potential adverse effects, allergies, interactions with other medications, and disease status
- Category classifications help guide antimicrobial use based on authorization, risks, and needed testing
- Responsible use of antimicrobials is key in managing animal health
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
- Four main mechanisms: inhibiting cell wall synthesis, damaging cell wall integrity, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, and inhibiting protein synthesis
- Examples of antimicrobials affecting each mechanism and their targets
- Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ structurally, impacting antimicrobial effectiveness (e.g., cell walls)
Classes of Antimicrobials
- Beta-lactams—Examples: penicillins (natural and semi-synthetic) and cephalosporins (various generations)—interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidation—broad-spectrum, but resistance is a concern
- Tetracyclines—Inhibition of protein synthesis—Broad-spectrum, but associated with potential side effects & widespread resistance
- Macrolides & Lincosamides—Inhibition of protein synthesis—target bacteria and Mycoplasma, but resistance is an issue
- Aminoglycosides—Inhibit protein synthesis—narrow spectrum for aerobic Gram-negative bacteria but risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
- Sulfonamides/Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors—interfere with folic acid synthesis—broad spectrum, often used in combination (TMPS), but resistance is a concern
- Nitroimidazoles—inhibit nucleic acid functions by preventing DNA repair—Effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, often licensed as a "last resort"
- Fluoroquinolones—inhibit DNA synthesis—narrow spectrum, effective for Gram-negative bacteria, but a "last resort" option
- Anti-staphylococcal penicillins—resistant to beta-lactamases, effective for Gram-positive staphylococcus
- Polymyxins—cell membrane, last resort
Antibiotic Classification
- Antimicrobials are categorized based on their use (e.g., food animals, companion animals) and potential risks (e.g., to human health)
- Five most common classes used in cats/dogs are ß-lactams, metronidazole and tetracyclines,
- The importance of Category A, B, C, and D classifications—avoid, restrict, caution, or prudence—for responsible antimicrobial use
Empirical Prescribing
- Principles—based on clinical judgment, best available information
- Steps—assess patient, causative organisms, resistance risk, and treatment options—including benefits and risks for the individual patient, and practicality considerations
Key Considerations
- Responsible Use—emphasize responsible antimicrobial use and minimize resistance
- Monitoring and Reporting—strategies to track and record antimicrobial use, promptly report any issues.
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Description
This quiz explores the use of antimicrobials in treating infections in animals. It covers different classes of antimicrobials, their mechanisms of action, and key considerations for veterinary prescribing. Understanding these concepts is essential for responsible and effective animal healthcare.
