Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of gangrene is associated with Clostridium perfringens?
What type of gangrene is associated with Clostridium perfringens?
Gas gangrene
What is a potential risk of using oxygen therapy to enhance antibiotic treatments?
What is a potential risk of using oxygen therapy to enhance antibiotic treatments?
Oxygen toxicity
What type of radiation is commonly used to sterilize packaged materials?
What type of radiation is commonly used to sterilize packaged materials?
Ionizing radiation
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA molecules?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA molecules?
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What is the effect of UV light on DNA replication?
What is the effect of UV light on DNA replication?
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What is the result of DNA polymerase encountering a thymidine dimer during DNA replication?
What is the result of DNA polymerase encountering a thymidine dimer during DNA replication?
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What is the ultimate effect of UV light on microbes?
What is the ultimate effect of UV light on microbes?
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What is the range of sound waves used in ultrasonic vibrations?
What is the range of sound waves used in ultrasonic vibrations?
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What type of materials are commonly sterilized using ionizing radiation?
What type of materials are commonly sterilized using ionizing radiation?
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What is Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) compared with?
What is Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) compared with?
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What is the result of cavitation in ultrasonic vibrations?
What is the result of cavitation in ultrasonic vibrations?
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What is the purpose of the Phenol Coefficient method?
What is the purpose of the Phenol Coefficient method?
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What is the primary use of ultrasonic vibrations?
What is the primary use of ultrasonic vibrations?
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What is the name of the device used by dentists to clean teeth?
What is the name of the device used by dentists to clean teeth?
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Which bacteria are used as test organisms in the Phenol Coefficient method?
Which bacteria are used as test organisms in the Phenol Coefficient method?
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What is the significance of a phenol coefficient of 1.0?
What is the significance of a phenol coefficient of 1.0?
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What ancient people used to burn for deodorizing spaces and for sanitation?
What ancient people used to burn for deodorizing spaces and for sanitation?
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What was used to treat syphilis in the early days?
What was used to treat syphilis in the early days?
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What is the limitation of the Phenol Coefficient method?
What is the limitation of the Phenol Coefficient method?
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What was used to prevent fungal growth on plants?
What was used to prevent fungal growth on plants?
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What is the outcome of the Phenol Coefficient method?
What is the outcome of the Phenol Coefficient method?
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What is the procedure in the Phenol Coefficient method?
What is the procedure in the Phenol Coefficient method?
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What was a valuable antiseptic in the early 1800's?
What was a valuable antiseptic in the early 1800's?
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Why is it important to compare MIC with established standards?
Why is it important to compare MIC with established standards?
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What is the mechanism of action of triclosan?
What is the mechanism of action of triclosan?
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What concentration of ethanol is bactericidal?
What concentration of ethanol is bactericidal?
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What is the effect of 100% ethanol on surface proteins?
What is the effect of 100% ethanol on surface proteins?
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What types of viruses are affected by alcohols?
What types of viruses are affected by alcohols?
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What is the effect of alcohols on spores?
What is the effect of alcohols on spores?
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What is the mechanism of action of halogens?
What is the mechanism of action of halogens?
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What is Betadine?
What is Betadine?
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What is the use of iodine as a topical antiseptic?
What is the use of iodine as a topical antiseptic?
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What is the structural characteristic of o-Phthalaldehyde that enables it to cross-link proteins and nucleic acids?
What is the structural characteristic of o-Phthalaldehyde that enables it to cross-link proteins and nucleic acids?
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What is an advantage of using o-Phthalaldehyde over glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde?
What is an advantage of using o-Phthalaldehyde over glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde?
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What is the mode of action of β-Propionolactone as a disinfectant?
What is the mode of action of β-Propionolactone as a disinfectant?
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What is a common application of β-Propionolactone in the medical field?
What is a common application of β-Propionolactone in the medical field?
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What is a potential health risk associated with β-Propionolactone?
What is a potential health risk associated with β-Propionolactone?
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What is the metabolic fate of β-Propionolactone in animals and humans?
What is the metabolic fate of β-Propionolactone in animals and humans?
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Study Notes
Measuring Control
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is compared to values established by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)
- Phenol Coefficient measures bactericidal activity of a chemical compound in relation to phenol
- Phenol Coefficient equals 1.0 means the chemical agent has the same level of effectiveness as phenol
Radiation
- Ionizing Radiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays, high-energy electron beams) damages cell components, introduces double-stranded breaks in DNA molecules, and causes mutations leading to cell death
- Ionizing Radiation is used to sterilize packaged materials, petri dishes, disposable plastic inoculating loops, gloves, intravenous tubing, and other latex and plastic items
- Non-ionizing Radiation (e.g., UV Light) causes formation of thymidine dimers, leading to mutations that accumulate and eventually kill the microbe
Sound Waves
- Ultrasonic Vibrations (Cavitation) use high-frequency sound waves to create microscopic bubbles or cavities that collapse, sending out shock waves that break open cells
- Cavitation is used for cleaning and not as a sterilizing agent
- Ultrasonic water baths are used for cleaning jewelry, coins, and teeth (by dentists)
Chemical Control Methods
- General Principles: various chemicals can be used to prevent microbial growth, with examples including resins, aromatics, iodine, and copper sulphate
- Phenolics (e.g., triclosan) block bacterial fatty acid synthesis and are used in toothpastes, soaps, cutting boards, knives, shower curtains, clothing, concrete, to make them antimicrobial
- Alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol) are bactericidal at 70% concentration, denature proteins, disrupt cell membranes, and are used as topical antiseptics, but not effective against spores
- Halogens (e.g., iodine, chlorine, fluorine) oxidize cellular components, destabilize macromolecules, and are used as topical antiseptics
- Alkylating Agents (e.g., o-phthalaldehyde, β-propionolactone) cross-link proteins and nucleic acids, inactivating them, and are used as sterilants, but can be irritating to skin and have potential health risks
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Description
This quiz assesses understanding of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, including measuring control, MIC, and comparison with established standards by CLSI and EUCAST.