Antibiotics Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Linezolid?

  • Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (correct)
  • Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Interferes with DNA replication
  • Disrupts bacterial cell membranes

    • Which of the following antibiotics is primarily used for severe gram-negative infections?

  • Linezolid
  • Polymyxin B (correct)
  • Vancomycin
  • Chloramphenicol

    • What adverse effect is associated with aminoglycosides such as Gentamicin?

  • Skin rash
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Ototoxicity (correct)
  • Severe allergic reaction

    • Which patient condition represents a caution for using Polymyxins?

    <p>Neuromuscular disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Linezolid specifically indicated for?

    <p>Serious gram-positive infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Linezolid?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics does Chloramphenicol belong to?

    <p>Other 50S protein inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the danger of prolonged use of Linezolid?

    <p>Optic neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is noted for its synergistic effect when used with beta-lactams?

    <p>Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case are Polymyxins typically utilized?

    <p>Multi-drug resistant infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is specifically mentioned as not commonly used due to an increased risk of seizures?

    <p>Imipenem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics is described as having a broad-spectrum and being bactericidal?

    <p>Carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is known to cover anaerobes, Pseudomonas, and gram-negative and positive bacteria, but not MRSA?

    <p>Meropenem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Monobactams, such as Aztreonam?

    <p>Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Carbapenems?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is described as an alternative for patients with severe beta-lactam allergies?

    <p>Aztreonam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics primarily targets gram-negative bacteria and has minimal cross-reactivity with beta-lactam allergies?

    <p>Aztreonam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action for Aminoglycosides?

    <p>Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically stated to not cover Pseudomonas?

    <p>Ertapenem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effects are commonly associated with Monobactams, like Aztreonam?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and injection site reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Carbapenems?

    <p>Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Carbapenem does not cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Ertapenem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Carbapenem has an increased risk of seizures?

    <p>Imipenem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key adverse effect of Carbapenems?

    <p>Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Monobactam?

    <p>Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aztreonam covers which types of bacteria? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Gram Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Aminoglycosides cover pseudomonas?

    <p>Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major adverse effects of Aminoglycosides? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linezolid is what class of antibiotic?

    <p>Oxazolidinone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Linezolid?

    <p>Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bacteria coverage of Linezolid? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Gram Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Linezolid is newer and approved for skin and soft tissue infections?

    <p>Tedizolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major adverse effects of Linezolid?

    <p>Serotonin syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Polymyxin?

    <p>Disrupts bacterial cell membranes by interacting with phospholipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymixin bacterial coverage?

    <p>Gram negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are known adverse effects of Polymyxin? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis, 50s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are major adverse effects of Chloramphenicol? (Select all that apply)

    <p>BM suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of streptogramins?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis, 50s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria are covered by streptogramins? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibiotics

    • Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors:

      • Beta Lactams: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
      • Vancomycin: Effective against many gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and some Enterococcus species.
      • Bacitracin: Topical antibiotic; used for superficial skin infections.

    • Cell Membrane Inhibitors:

      • Polymyxins: Disrupt bacterial cell membranes, often used for serious, multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections.

    • Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors:

      • Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim (Bactrim): Inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid, a crucial component for bacterial growth.

    • Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors:

      • Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones): Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase enzymes.
      • Rifampin: Inhibits RNA polymerase.

    • Protein Synthesis Inhibitors:

      • Aminoglycosides: Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
      • Tetracyclines: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
      • Macrolides: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
      • Clindamycin: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
      • Linezolid: Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit.
      • Chloramphenicol: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
      • Streptogramins: Works synergistically; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.

    Carbapenems

    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
    • Spectrum: Broad-spectrum, bactericidal; effective against many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (including aerobes and anaerobes and pseudomonas)
    • Examples: Meropenem, Imipenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem; Ertapenem, covers gram negative and positive bacteria but doesn't cover pseudomonas; Imipenem is not commonly used due to increased seizure risk
    • Adverse Effects (AE): Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash and seizures. Cross-reactivity with penicillin.
    • Drug Interactions: Can reduce the levels of other medications like valproic acid, increasing the risk of seizures.

    Monobactams

    • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).

    • Spectrum: Primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas. -Aztreonam is an example; it covers gram-negative infections and is an alternative in case of severe beta-lactam allergies

    • Adverse Effects (AE): Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, Injection site reactions, and hypersensitivity reactions. Potential liver enzyme elevations are rare.

    • Important Note: Impaired kidney function should be considered when prescribing Monobactams.

    Aminoglycosides

    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis.
    • Spectrum: Primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria; synergistic with other antibiotics against gram positive infections.
    • Examples: Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Streptomycin, Neomycin
    • Adverse Effects (AE): Ototoxicity (hearing loss), nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), neuromuscular blockade.
    • Important Considerations: Toxicity can be increased with concurrent use of loop diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs.

    Linezolid

    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit.
    • Spectrum: Primarily used for gram-positive infections, including those resistant to other drugs, including MRSA, VRE and Streptococci
    • Additional Considerations: Tedizolid - a newer drug of the same class, works well on skin and soft tissue infections.
    • Adverse Effects (AE): Serotonin syndrome, bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy, thrombocytopenia.
    • Important Considerations: Risk factors include prolonged use and interactions with other medications, especially MAOIs or SSRIs.

    Polymyxins

    • Mechanism of Action (MOA): Disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to leakage of cellular contents.
    • Spectrum: Primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria and some other serious Gram-negative infections
    • Examples: Polymyxin B, colistin
    • Adverse Effects (AE): Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity.
    • Cautions Impaired kidney function should be considered as these medicines are usually used when other medications are not effective due to their potential for severe side effects.

    Other 50S Inhibitors

    • Chloramphenicol: Broad-spectrum, but not commonly used due to its potential for serious adverse effects, such as bone marrow suppression and Gray baby syndrome, potentially used for typhoid fever or Rickettsial infections.
    • Streptogramins: A combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin, works synergistically, commonly used against gram-positive aerobes (including MRSA). AE: musculoskeletal pain, infusion site reactions, hepatotoxicity. Important to consider liver/kidney function and CYP3A4 interactions.

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    Infectious Disease Antibiotics Review Spring 2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various types of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. This quiz covers cell wall synthesis inhibitors, cell membrane inhibitors, and other categories like folic acid, nucleic acid, and protein synthesis inhibitors. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals alike!

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