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Questions and Answers
Which philosopher's theory is often regarded as closer to how scientists actually work?
Which philosopher's theory is often regarded as closer to how scientists actually work?
Most scientists are familiar with the works of ancient philosophers like Aristotle and Bacon.
Most scientists are familiar with the works of ancient philosophers like Aristotle and Bacon.
False
What recent challenge within the philosophy of science is highlighted in the content?
What recent challenge within the philosophy of science is highlighted in the content?
Blurred boundaries between fields and the rise of pseudoscience and junk science.
Many scientists unknowingly use the scientific method, which has roots in the works of philosophers such as Aristotle, Avicenna, and _____.
Many scientists unknowingly use the scientific method, which has roots in the works of philosophers such as Aristotle, Avicenna, and _____.
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Match the following philosophers with their contributions to the scientific method:
Match the following philosophers with their contributions to the scientific method:
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Which philosopher believed that humanity was born with innate knowledge?
Which philosopher believed that humanity was born with innate knowledge?
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Aristotle agreed with Plato's view that empirical knowledge is mere opinion.
Aristotle agreed with Plato's view that empirical knowledge is mere opinion.
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What major contribution did philosophy provide to the development of science?
What major contribution did philosophy provide to the development of science?
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The contrast between _______ and _______ marked the genesis of science in Ancient Greece.
The contrast between _______ and _______ marked the genesis of science in Ancient Greece.
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Match the philosophers to their beliefs:
Match the philosophers to their beliefs:
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Which of the following statements best reflects Aristotle's perspective on the Philosopher King?
Which of the following statements best reflects Aristotle's perspective on the Philosopher King?
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Philosophy has limited what areas science can test.
Philosophy has limited what areas science can test.
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Name one ancient philosopher who contributed to the philosophy of science.
Name one ancient philosopher who contributed to the philosophy of science.
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Which philosopher advocated for the idea of falsification in scientific hypotheses?
Which philosopher advocated for the idea of falsification in scientific hypotheses?
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Poincare believed that scientists exclusively used empirically verifiable methods to describe the universe.
Poincare believed that scientists exclusively used empirically verifiable methods to describe the universe.
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What concept did Popper introduce that separates science from non-science?
What concept did Popper introduce that separates science from non-science?
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___ rejected the notion that science is a cumulative process and introduced the idea of paradigms.
___ rejected the notion that science is a cumulative process and introduced the idea of paradigms.
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Match the following philosophers with their key contributions to the philosophy of science:
Match the following philosophers with their key contributions to the philosophy of science:
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Which of the following philosophers believed in 'epistemological anarchy'?
Which of the following philosophers believed in 'epistemological anarchy'?
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According to Popper, it is more important for a hypothesis to be triable than to be proven.
According to Popper, it is more important for a hypothesis to be triable than to be proven.
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What did Poincare use to illustrate that there are different legitimate methods in science?
What did Poincare use to illustrate that there are different legitimate methods in science?
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Popper believed that scientists should aim to ___ their theories rather than prove them.
Popper believed that scientists should aim to ___ their theories rather than prove them.
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What did Hempel's Raven Paradox critique?
What did Hempel's Raven Paradox critique?
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Lakatos believed that scientific theories could never be abandoned once they were established.
Lakatos believed that scientific theories could never be abandoned once they were established.
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In which year did Thomas Kuhn publish 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'?
In which year did Thomas Kuhn publish 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'?
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Popper criticized the scientific methodology of fields such as ___ and psychology for being non-falsifiable.
Popper criticized the scientific methodology of fields such as ___ and psychology for being non-falsifiable.
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Which philosopher is known for coining the term 'Scientific Anarchy'?
Which philosopher is known for coining the term 'Scientific Anarchy'?
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What did Francis Bacon believe about pure empiricists?
What did Francis Bacon believe about pure empiricists?
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Francis Bacon proposed the idea of experimental science to bridge the gap between science and theology.
Francis Bacon proposed the idea of experimental science to bridge the gap between science and theology.
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What is the Instance of the Fingerpost in scientific research?
What is the Instance of the Fingerpost in scientific research?
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The method where a scientist proposes a hypothesis and seeks to determine its probability is known as the ______.
The method where a scientist proposes a hypothesis and seeks to determine its probability is known as the ______.
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Match the following scientists with their contributions to the philosophy of science:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to the philosophy of science:
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What was Descartes' approach to explaining the cosmos?
What was Descartes' approach to explaining the cosmos?
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Galileo only focused on rationalist thinking in his scientific endeavours.
Galileo only focused on rationalist thinking in his scientific endeavours.
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What was the primary distinction made by Huygens between science and mathematics?
What was the primary distinction made by Huygens between science and mathematics?
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Newton's method of research that starts with observation and experiments is known as ______.
Newton's method of research that starts with observation and experiments is known as ______.
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Match the philosopher with their corresponding views on science:
Match the philosopher with their corresponding views on science:
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What did Bacon believe could result from using inductive reasoning recklessly?
What did Bacon believe could result from using inductive reasoning recklessly?
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Experimental scientists only focus on gathering data without theory consideration.
Experimental scientists only focus on gathering data without theory consideration.
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Who famously highlighted the problem of induction?
Who famously highlighted the problem of induction?
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Both Huygens and Newton agreed that science could not yield ______ answers.
Both Huygens and Newton agreed that science could not yield ______ answers.
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Match each scientist with their philosophy of science:
Match each scientist with their philosophy of science:
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What was a key contribution of Galileo to the scientific method?
What was a key contribution of Galileo to the scientific method?
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What reasoning method did Aristotle believe was fundamental for establishing basic premises in science?
What reasoning method did Aristotle believe was fundamental for establishing basic premises in science?
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Francis Bacon argued that deduction was sufficient for scientific reasoning.
Francis Bacon argued that deduction was sufficient for scientific reasoning.
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Who is often referred to as the Father of Science?
Who is often referred to as the Father of Science?
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The scientific method was notably refined by which two figures in the 13th century?
The scientific method was notably refined by which two figures in the 13th century?
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Match the philosophers with their contributions to the philosophy of science:
Match the philosophers with their contributions to the philosophy of science:
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What did Aristotle use to explore the universe?
What did Aristotle use to explore the universe?
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The Romans significantly advanced the philosophical side of science.
The Romans significantly advanced the philosophical side of science.
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Which Islamic scholar is regarded as the first to define the modern scientific method?
Which Islamic scholar is regarded as the first to define the modern scientific method?
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Aristotle believed that knowledge is built upon what is already known, a process referred to as __________.
Aristotle believed that knowledge is built upon what is already known, a process referred to as __________.
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What aspect of knowledge did Ibn al-Haytham emphasize regarding scientists?
What aspect of knowledge did Ibn al-Haytham emphasize regarding scientists?
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The scientific method remains unchanged since the time of Aristotle.
The scientific method remains unchanged since the time of Aristotle.
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What did Al-Biruni contribute to the field of experimental science?
What did Al-Biruni contribute to the field of experimental science?
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The split between Aristotle and Plato's views in science led to two foundational ideas: deduction and __________.
The split between Aristotle and Plato's views in science led to two foundational ideas: deduction and __________.
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Match the contributions with their corresponding historical period:
Match the contributions with their corresponding historical period:
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What did Bacon criticize about the Greek philosophical approach to the universe?
What did Bacon criticize about the Greek philosophical approach to the universe?
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What was John Herschel's main argument regarding the relationship between science and religion?
What was John Herschel's main argument regarding the relationship between science and religion?
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Whewell believed that scientific philosophers should focus solely on developing new philosophical ideas without considering historical processes.
Whewell believed that scientific philosophers should focus solely on developing new philosophical ideas without considering historical processes.
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What method did John Stuart Mill propose to determine causal relationships?
What method did John Stuart Mill propose to determine causal relationships?
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The period of the nineteenth century saw a growing schism between science and __________.
The period of the nineteenth century saw a growing schism between science and __________.
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Match the philosopher to their main contributions:
Match the philosopher to their main contributions:
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Which philosopher argued that it is becoming difficult to view science as a united body?
Which philosopher argued that it is becoming difficult to view science as a united body?
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The Catholic Church supported the integration of scientific findings with its teachings during the nineteenth century.
The Catholic Church supported the integration of scientific findings with its teachings during the nineteenth century.
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What did Duhem argue was essential for understanding the universe?
What did Duhem argue was essential for understanding the universe?
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Mill stated that science could only ever work with __________.
Mill stated that science could only ever work with __________.
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What was one of the main criticisms posed by John Stuart Mill against Whewell's views?
What was one of the main criticisms posed by John Stuart Mill against Whewell's views?
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Herschel built on earlier works by Bacon and Huygens to refine the scientific process.
Herschel built on earlier works by Bacon and Huygens to refine the scientific process.
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What significant event intensified the division between science and theology in the 19th century?
What significant event intensified the division between science and theology in the 19th century?
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Herschel believed that __________ processes were essential for arriving at scientific laws.
Herschel believed that __________ processes were essential for arriving at scientific laws.
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In which area did Pierre Duhem primarily contribute to the philosophy of science?
In which area did Pierre Duhem primarily contribute to the philosophy of science?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greek Philosophers and the Dawn of Science
- Plato believed innate knowledge could be unlocked through deduction, dismissing observation as mere opinion.
- Aristotle argued for knowledge gained through observation and inductive reasoning, contrasting with Plato's views.
- Aristotle is considered the "Father of Science" for establishing the scientific method.
- Aristotle's "first principles" are postulates forming the basis of research and observation in any field.
Roman and Islamic Contributions
- The Romans focused on the applied aspects of science, advancing technology based on existing Greek methods.
- Islamic scholars, like Avicenna and Ibn al-Haytham, preserved and developed Greek knowledge.
- Ibn al-Haytham defined the modern scientific method, emphasizing the importance of criticism and repeated testing.
- Al-Biruni recognized the importance of errors in experimentation and repeated trials.
Renaissance and Early Modern Science
- Francis Bacon adapted the scientific method to accommodate a changing worldview, emphasizing the role of induction.
- Bacon criticized purely deductive approaches for their inability to explain the complexities of the universe.
- Bacon advocated for experimental science, with experiments designed to test different hypotheses.
- Bacon's method sought to move from specific observations to general principles.
18th and 19th Century Developments
- Huygens differentiated science from mathematics, emphasizing the role of probability in scientific claims
- Newton advocated the "synthesis" approach to science, building models through analysis and inductive conclusions.
- Hume highlighted the problem of induction, emphasizing that repeated observation does not guarantee future outcomes.
- Herschel explored the link between science and religion, asserting that science does not negate religious beliefs, providing a way to counter growing atheism.
- Whewell emphasized the historical approach to understanding scientific development, looking at how science has actually evolved.
- John Stuart Mill further refined the scientific method, detailing a process of elimination to identify cause and effect relationships
- Mill's focus was on refining the scientific method and outlining it's steps and reasoning, rather than any specific methodology.
- Duhem distinguished physics from other sciences, emphasizing the importance of theoretical models and mathematics to understand complex systems
20th Century and Beyond
- Poincaré questioned the nature of scientific hypotheses, recognizing their diverse roles and highlighting important differences between hypothesis, theory and explanation in science
- Popper advocated for falsification, emphasizing the importance of formulating theories testable and disprovable.
- Lakatos presented a more nuanced approach to science, placing layers of protection against falsification in layers of hypothesis and stratum, adding to Popper's work.
- Kuhn challenged the notion of cumulative science, introducing the concept of scientific revolutions and paradigms, presenting his work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" as a landmark in the subject.
- Feyerabend argued for scientific anarchy, proposing that any method can be suitable to test a hypotheses, and that there is no single correct definition of science.
- Hempel further developed critiques of the inductive method, continuing Hume's work.
Modern Philosophy of Science
- Modern philosophers of science continue to refine our understanding of scientific methodology, particularly in the face of increasing complex or unclear scientific disciplines or poorly supported disciplines.
- Recent focus centers on defining the nature of science, and understanding the increasing divergence of disciplines, as well as the identification of pseudoscience and junk science.
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Description
Explore the foundational ideas of science introduced by ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, as well as the contributions from Roman and Islamic scholars. Test your knowledge on the evolution of scientific thought from antiquity through the Renaissance. Discover how these thinkers shaped our understanding of observation and method in science.
