54 Questions
Which ancient Greek philosopher is widely considered to be the 'Father of Botany'?
Theophrastus
What is the origin of the term 'ecology'?
From the Greek 'oikos', meaning 'of the family or household'
What does ecology study?
All of the above
Which level of organization in ecology focuses on the interactions of multiple species living in an area?
Community
Which level of organization in ecology studies the exchange of species and genetic material between communities?
Landscape
Which scientific vocabulary term refers to a proposition that suggests an explanation for an observable situation or phenomenon?
Hypothesis
What is the highest level of organization in ecology?
Ecosystem
Who first coined the term 'oekologie' to describe the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment?
Ernst Haeckel
Who is known for suggesting that 'Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny'?
Ernst Haeckel
Who correlated plant morphology with geography and described vegetative zones by latitude and altitude?
Alexander von Humboldt
Who first proposed the concept of 'ecosystem' as the combined physical and biological components of the environment?
Arthur Tansley
Who is considered the 'Father of Evolution'?
Charles Darwin
What is the mechanism by which evolution occurs?
Natural selection
Which ancient thinker interjected the concept of heredity into his observations?
Aristotle
What are the three criteria for natural selection?
Heritable differences, many offspring, differential survival
Which of the following best describes Charles Darwin's career path after graduating from Cambridge?
He became a naturalist on the HMS Beagle
What was the purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle?
To map the South American coastline
What did Darwin notice during his visit to the Galapagos Islands?
The islands had their own species suites
What led Darwin to hypothesize about species changing and adapting to local conditions?
Thomas Malthus' model of population survival
Which type of experiment involves altering the study system to determine causal relationships?
Manipulative
What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison with the treatment groups
What is the significance of a 95% confidence interval in hypothesis testing?
It provides a range of values that is 95% likely to contain the population mean
What are the characteristics of multicellular autotrophic plants?
All of the above
Who introduced the concept of transplant gardens to study the responses of plants from different topographic regions?
Johannes E. Warming
Who described vegetation in terms of physiognomy and coined the phrase 'association' as it applies to biological applications?
Jozef Paczoski
Who wrote the book 'Plantesamfund' and synthesized plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography into a coherent unit?
Johannes E. Warming
Who is considered the father of plant sociology and introduced the concepts of shade tolerance, competition, and succession?
Jozef Paczoski
Which ancient Greek philosopher is widely considered to be the 'Father of Botany'?
Theophrastus
What is the root meaning of the term 'ecology'?
Study of the family
Who is believed to have originated the term 'home economics'?
Ellen Swallow Richards
Which level of organization in ecology focuses on the interactions of multiple species living in an area?
Community
What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison
What does ecology study?
The interactions of organisms and their environment
Which scientific vocabulary term refers to a proposition that suggests an explanation for an observable situation or phenomenon?
Hypothesis
Who is considered the 'Father of Evolution'?
Charles Darwin
What are the three criteria for natural selection?
Heredity, survival, and reproduction
Who interjected the concept of heredity into his observations?
Aristotle
What is Lamarck's main hypothesis?
Changes in structure caused by use were inherited
Who is considered the 'Father of Plant Sociology'?
Jozef Paczoski
Who introduced the term 'limnology' and described thermal stratification in lakes?
Stephen A. Forbes
Who expanded the concept of ecosystem and used an experimental approach to field ecology?
F.E. Clements
Who posited a theory of succession and plant associations that is still influential today?
S.A. Forbes
Who is credited with first proposing the concept of 'ecosystem' as the combined physical and biological components of the environment?
Arthur Tansley
Who is known for suggesting that 'Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny'?
Ernst Haeckel
Who correlated plant morphology with geography and described vegetative zones by latitude and altitude?
Alexander von Humboldt
Who wrote the book 'Plantesamfund' and synthesized plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography into a coherent unit?
Johannes Warming
Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
Explanation
What is the purpose of a null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
To provide a default position that there is no significant difference or relationship
What is the significance of a 95% confidence interval in hypothesis testing?
It defines a range of values that you can be 95% certain contains the population mean
What is the goal of experimental design in ecology?
To gather ecological data from the real world to test predictions of hypotheses
Which of the following best describes Charles Darwin's observations during his visit to the Galapagos Islands?
He noticed that the islands had similar but slightly different species suites.
What led Darwin to hypothesize that species changed and adapted to local conditions?
His understanding of the struggle for life and limited resources.
What did Darwin surmise about the species that populated the Galapagos Islands?
They were different species from the mainland.
What bridged a major gap in Darwin's logic after his return to England?
His understanding of Thomas Malthus' model of population survival.
Study Notes
Ecology and Botany
- Theophrastus, an ancient Greek philosopher, is considered the 'Father of Botany'.
Ecology
- Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment.
- The term 'ecology' originates from the Greek words 'oikos' meaning 'house' and 'logos' meaning 'study'.
- The highest level of organization in ecology is the biosphere.
Levels of Organization in Ecology
- Community level focuses on the interactions of multiple species living in an area.
- Landscape level studies the exchange of species and genetic material between communities.
Scientific Vocabulary
- A hypothesis is a proposition that suggests an explanation for an observable situation or phenomenon.
Evolution
- Charles Darwin is considered the 'Father of Evolution'.
- The mechanism by which evolution occurs is through natural selection.
- The three criteria for natural selection are variation, heredity, and adaptation.
- Ancient thinker Aristotle interjected the concept of heredity into his observations.
Experimental Design
- A control in an experiment is used to provide a baseline for comparison.
- A 95% confidence interval in hypothesis testing means that 95% of the time, the results will fall within the specified range.
Notable Figures in Ecology and Botany
- Charles Darwin proposed the concept of 'ecosystem' as the combined physical and biological components of the environment.
- Danish botanist Eugenius Warming introduced the concept of transplant gardens to study the responses of plants from different topographic regions.
- Alexander von Humboldt correlated plant morphology with geography and described vegetative zones by latitude and altitude.
- Frederic Clements wrote the book 'Plantesamfund' and synthesized plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography into a coherent unit.
- Henry Cowles is considered the father of plant sociology and introduced the concepts of shade tolerance, competition, and succession.
Test your knowledge on the evolution of natural selection and the concept of intra-species variation with this quiz. Discover how ancient thinkers like Aristotle observed different forms arising in response to functional needs. Explore the fascinating world of (Siberian) Tigers and their individual variations.
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