Anatomy & Physiology Ch.2: Chemical Level of Organization
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Questions and Answers

What is the crucial role of enzymes in metabolism?

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

What is the importance of functional groups in organic compounds?

Functional groups determine the chemical reactivity and unique properties of organic compounds.

Discuss the structures and functions of nucleic acids.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information, and are essential for protein synthesis and cellular function.

Explain the physiological roles of acids, bases, and salts in body fluids.

<p>Acids, bases, and salts play important roles in maintaining the pH balance, osmotic pressure, and electrical neutrality of body fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are high-energy compounds and their functions?

<p>High-energy compounds, such as ATP, store and release energy for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction and biosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the science that deals with the structure of matter, including the structure of atoms and how atoms combine to form complex structures?

<p>Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three subatomic particles and their respective charges?

<p>Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (negative charge)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines an atom's chemical properties, and what are isotopes based on?

<p>Atomic number (number of protons); Mass number (number of protons plus number of neutrons)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the reactivity of an atom, and what is the outermost shell of an atom called?

<p>Electrons in the electron cloud; Valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average of the different atomic masses and proportions of different isotopes called, and what has a weight in grams equal to the atomic weight of the element?

<p>Atomic weight; A mole (mol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of all elements?

<p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compound does not contain carbon?

<p>Inorganic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range for acidic substances?

<p>0-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of high-energy compounds?

<p>Facilitate quick energy release</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of proteins?

<p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

<p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the reactivity of an atom?

<p>The number of electrons in the valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the science that deals with the structure of matter and how atoms combine to form complex structures?

<p>Physics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isotopes based on?

<p>The mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines an atom's chemical properties?

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has a weight in grams equal to the atomic weight of the element?

<p>Molar mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fills first in the electron cloud?

<p>Lower energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure substance composed of atoms of one kind?

<p>Element</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines bonding in atoms?

<p>Valence shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contains shells, or energy levels, that can hold a limited number of electrons?

<p>Electron cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expressed as half-life and has radioactive nuclei?

<p>Isotope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enzymes in Metabolism

  • Enzymes play a crucial role in metabolism by catalyzing chemical reactions, increasing reaction rates, and allowing metabolic pathways to occur efficiently.

Importance of Functional Groups

  • Functional groups in organic compounds are essential as they determine the chemical and physical properties of the molecule.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of nucleotides, which contain a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • The structure of nucleic acids is a double helix, with sugar and phosphate molecules forming the backbone and nitrogenous bases pairing in the center.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

  • Acids, bases, and salts play crucial physiological roles in body fluids, maintaining pH balance and regulating various bodily functions.
  • Acids donate H+ ions, while bases accept H+ ions, and salts are formed through the neutralization of acids and bases.

High-Energy Compounds

  • High-energy compounds, such as ATP and NADH, are molecules that store energy in the form of chemical bonds.
  • The main function of high-energy compounds is to provide energy for various cellular processes, such as muscle contraction and protein synthesis.

Atomic Structure

  • The science that deals with the structure of matter, including the structure of atoms and how atoms combine to form complex structures, is chemistry.
  • The three subatomic particles are protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).
  • An atom's chemical properties are determined by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus, and isotopes are based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Atomic Reactivity

  • The reactivity of an atom is determined by the number of electrons in its outermost shell, also known as the valence shell.
  • The outermost shell of an atom can hold a maximum of eight electrons, and atoms tend to react to achieve a full outermost shell.

Atomic Mass and Mole

  • The average of the different atomic masses and proportions of different isotopes is called the atomic mass.
  • A mole is a unit of measurement that has a weight in grams equal to the atomic weight of the element.

Elements and Compounds

  • The fundamental unit of all elements is the atom.
  • Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon.
  • The pH range for acidic substances is below 7.

Chemical Bonding

  • The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are linked together through peptide bonds.
  • A covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons.
  • The electron cloud is filled by electrons, which occupy the lowest available energy levels first.
  • An element is a pure substance composed of atoms of one kind.
  • Bonding in atoms is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
  • The atom contains shells, or energy levels, that can hold a limited number of electrons.
  • Radioactive nuclei are expressed as half-life, and decay through radioactive decay.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the chemical level of organization in anatomy and physiology with this lecture presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson from Seattle University. Explore topics such as atomic structure, molecule and compound formation, types of chemical reactions, and the role of enzymes in metabolism.

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