Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest stable unit of matter?

Compound

Atom (correct)

Molecule

Element

What are atoms composed of?

Subatomic particles

What is the atomic particle with a positive electrical charge?

Protons

What is the atomic particle with a negative electrical charge?

Electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral atomic particle called?

Neutron Signup and view all the answers

The number of protons in an atom is known as its?

Atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What is an element?

A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind Signup and view all the answers

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number?

Total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of electrons to protons in an atom?

Equal Signup and view all the answers

Radioactive isotopes are?

Unstable isotopes that emit radiation Signup and view all the answers

What does atomic number equal?

Number of protons Signup and view all the answers

The first energy level can hold at most?

2 electrons Signup and view all the answers

The second energy level can hold at most?

8 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the surface of the atom?

The outermost energy level Signup and view all the answers

What is the valence shell?

The outermost shell or energy level Signup and view all the answers

Activation energy is defined as?

The energy needed to initiate the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme?

Catalyst that speeds up reaction time Signup and view all the answers

A + B = AB represents?

Synthesis or Anabolic Reactions Signup and view all the answers

AB = A + B represents?

Catabolic Reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a free radical?

An electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron Signup and view all the answers

What are ions?

Atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge Signup and view all the answers

Cations are?

Ions with a positive charge Signup and view all the answers

Anions are?

Ions with a negative charge Signup and view all the answers

Ionic bonds are?

Chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations Signup and view all the answers

Covalent bonds are?

Bonds between atoms that share electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is a single covalent bond?

Sharing one pair of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is a double covalent bond?

Sharing two pairs of electrons Signup and view all the answers

Nonpolar covalent bonds have?

Equal sharing of the electrons Signup and view all the answers

Polar covalent bonds involve?

Unequal sharing of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes metabolism?

All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment Signup and view all the answers

Kinetic energy is defined as?

Energy of motion Signup and view all the answers

Potential energy is?

Stored energy Signup and view all the answers

Organic compounds always contain?

Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Signup and view all the answers

Where is water usually found in the body?

Inside the cell, blood vessels, plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF) Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

Substances dispersed in a solvent Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed Signup and view all the answers

What does pH measure?

Hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids Signup and view all the answers

A solution with a pH of _ is said to be _______.

7; neutral Signup and view all the answers

A solution with a pH below _ is said to be ____________.

7; acidic Signup and view all the answers

A pH above _ is ______, and contains more _ than ______.

7; basic; hydroxide ions; hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

CHO is a __ and CHON is a _.

Carbohydrate or Lipid; Protein Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

Simple sugar - carbohydrate containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

The atoms in a glucose molecule may form either a or a _.

straight chain; ring Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides joined together (ex: sucrose) Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides?

Complex carbohydrates with repeated dehydration synthesis reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the polysaccharide found in plants?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is a steroid?

Ring fatty acid; examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen Signup and view all the answers

Amylase is?

An enzyme found in saliva; it breaks down starch Signup and view all the answers

Sucrase is?

An enzyme that breaks down sucrose Signup and view all the answers

Nonpolar elements can?

Travel through the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What element can travel through the cell membrane due to its small size?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of?

1 to 2 Signup and view all the answers

Lipids form?

Essential structural components of all cells Signup and view all the answers

What are important energy reserves in the cell?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

Lipids provide roughly how much energy compared to carbohydrates?

Twice as much energy as carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Fatty acids are?

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached Signup and view all the answers

Fatty acids have solubility in water due to _________.

Limited; their hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail Signup and view all the answers

In a saturated fatty acid:

Each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

In an unsaturated fatty acid:

One or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain?

Multiple double covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonds are?

Weak bonds Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophilic compounds are?

Polar compounds that dissolve well in water Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophobic compounds are?

Nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve well in water Signup and view all the answers

Cohesion refers to?

The tendency of like particles to stay together Signup and view all the answers

The law of conservation of energy states that?

Energy is not created nor destroyed Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of chemical reactions?

Synthesis (anabolism), decomposition (catabolism), exchange, reversible Signup and view all the answers

________ systems maintain the pH in your body.

Buffer Signup and view all the answers

R-OH represents?

Hydroxyl (Alcohols; carbohydrates) Signup and view all the answers

R-NH2 or RNH3+ represents?

Amine (amino acids) Signup and view all the answers

R-COOH or R-COO- represents?

Amino acids, fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

R-H2PO4 represents?

Phosphate (ATP; nucleic acids; phospholipids) Signup and view all the answers

R-C=O or R= represents?

Carbonyl (Ketone, aldehydes; carbohydrates) Signup and view all the answers

Components of a protein include?

C, H, O, N Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functional protein groups?

Amine group and carboxyl group Signup and view all the answers

What are types of proteins?

Antibodies, enzymes, hormones Signup and view all the answers

What are the most abundant organic components of the human body?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven essential functions of proteins?

Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense Signup and view all the answers

What are the five components of amino acids?

Central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH2), carboxylic acid group (-COOH), variable group (R group) Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids are?

Long protein chains made up of organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another Signup and view all the answers

What are peptides?

Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

What are the four protein structures?

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure of proteins is?

The sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

The secondary structure of proteins is?

Bonds between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain Signup and view all the answers

The tertiary structure of proteins is?

Complex coiling and folding to give a 3-dimensional shape Signup and view all the answers

The quaternary structure of a protein is?

The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the active site?

The part of the enzyme that fits the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What are the five nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids?

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil Signup and view all the answers

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atoms and Subatomic Particles

Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, composed of subatomic particles.
Protons carry a positive charge, while electrons carry a negative charge. Neutrons are neutral.
The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of protons it contains.
Isotopes are variations of the same element with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.

Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds form through the electrical attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in single or double bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared.
Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing due to differing electronegativities.

Energy Concepts

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy with potential to perform work.
Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Reactions in Chemistry

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions occurring within cells.
Types of chemical reactions include synthesis (anabolic), decomposition (catabolic), exchange, and reversible reactions.

Acids, Bases, and pH

A neutral solution has a pH of 7; acidic solutions have a pH below 7, and basic solutions above 7.
Buffers systems help maintain pH balance in the body.

Organic Compounds

Organic compounds always contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H); carbohydrates and lipids fall under this category.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms, while disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined together. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates.

Lipids and Fatty Acids

Lipids are essential structural components of cells and serve as significant energy reserves.
Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids include one or more double bonds.

Proteins

Proteins are composed of amino acids, which contain central carbon, hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable R group.
Peptide bonds link amino acids together, forming peptides and proteins.
The structure of proteins includes primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).

Enzymes and Enzyme Function

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, accelerating processes without being consumed.
The active site of an enzyme is the region where substrates bind to undergo a chemical reaction.

Nucleic Acids and ATP

Nucleic acids consist of five nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of cells, crucial for energy transfer in biological systems.

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