Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest stable unit of matter?

  • Compound
  • Atom (correct)
  • Molecule
  • Element

    • What are atoms composed of?

    Subatomic particles

    What is the atomic particle with a positive electrical charge?

    Protons

    What is the atomic particle with a negative electrical charge?

    <p>Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neutral atomic particle called?

    <p>Neutron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of protons in an atom is known as its?

    <p>Atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an element?

    <p>A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isotopes?

    <p>Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass number?

    <p>Total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of electrons to protons in an atom?

    <p>Equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radioactive isotopes are?

    <p>Unstable isotopes that emit radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does atomic number equal?

    <p>Number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first energy level can hold at most?

    <p>2 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second energy level can hold at most?

    <p>8 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface of the atom?

    <p>The outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence shell?

    <p>The outermost shell or energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation energy is defined as?

    <p>The energy needed to initiate the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enzyme?

    <p>Catalyst that speeds up reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A + B = AB represents?

    <p>Synthesis or Anabolic Reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AB = A + B represents?

    <p>Catabolic Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a free radical?

    <p>An electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ions?

    <p>Atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cations are?

    <p>Ions with a positive charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anions are?

    <p>Ions with a negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic bonds are?

    <p>Chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Covalent bonds are?

    <p>Bonds between atoms that share electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a single covalent bond?

    <p>Sharing one pair of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a double covalent bond?

    <p>Sharing two pairs of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonpolar covalent bonds have?

    <p>Equal sharing of the electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polar covalent bonds involve?

    <p>Unequal sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes metabolism?

    <p>All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinetic energy is defined as?

    <p>Energy of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potential energy is?

    <p>Stored energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic compounds always contain?

    <p>Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is water usually found in the body?

    <p>Inside the cell, blood vessels, plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solute?

    <p>Substances dispersed in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solvent?

    <p>The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pH measure?

    <p>Hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution with a pH of _ is said to be _______.

    <p>7; neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution with a pH below _ is said to be ____________.

    <p>7; acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pH above _ is __________, and contains more _________ than __________.

    <p>7; basic; hydroxide ions; hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CHO is a ________ and CHON is a _______.

    <p>Carbohydrate or Lipid; Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monosaccharide?

    <p>Simple sugar - carbohydrate containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atoms in a glucose molecule may form either a ______ ______ or a _____.

    <p>straight chain; ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disaccharide?

    <p>Two monosaccharides joined together (ex: sucrose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polysaccharides?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates with repeated dehydration synthesis reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the polysaccharide found in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a steroid?

    <p>Ring fatty acid; examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amylase is?

    <p>An enzyme found in saliva; it breaks down starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucrase is?

    <p>An enzyme that breaks down sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonpolar elements can?

    <p>Travel through the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element can travel through the cell membrane due to its small size?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of?

    <p>1 to 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids form?

    <p>Essential structural components of all cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are important energy reserves in the cell?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids provide roughly how much energy compared to carbohydrates?

    <p>Twice as much energy as carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids are?

    <p>Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids have __________ solubility in water due to ___________________.

    <p>Limited; their hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a saturated fatty acid:

    <p>Each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an unsaturated fatty acid:

    <p>One or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain?

    <p>Multiple double covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds are?

    <p>Weak bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrophilic compounds are?

    <p>Polar compounds that dissolve well in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrophobic compounds are?

    <p>Nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve well in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohesion refers to?

    <p>The tendency of like particles to stay together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The law of conservation of energy states that?

    <p>Energy is not created nor destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of chemical reactions?

    <p>Synthesis (anabolism), decomposition (catabolism), exchange, reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ systems maintain the pH in your body.

    <p>Buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R-OH represents?

    <p>Hydroxyl (Alcohols; carbohydrates)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R-NH2 or RNH3+ represents?

    <p>Amine (amino acids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R-COOH or R-COO- represents?

    <p>Amino acids, fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R-H2PO4 represents?

    <p>Phosphate (ATP; nucleic acids; phospholipids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R-C=O or R= represents?

    <p>Carbonyl (Ketone, aldehydes; carbohydrates)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Components of a protein include?

    <p>C, H, O, N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two functional protein groups?

    <p>Amine group and carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are types of proteins?

    <p>Antibodies, enzymes, hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most abundant organic components of the human body?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the seven essential functions of proteins?

    <p>Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five components of amino acids?

    <p>Central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH2), carboxylic acid group (-COOH), variable group (R group)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids are?

    <p>Long protein chains made up of organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a peptide bond?

    <p>A covalent bond between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peptides?

    <p>Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four protein structures?

    <p>Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of proteins is?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure of proteins is?

    <p>Bonds between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tertiary structure of proteins is?

    <p>Complex coiling and folding to give a 3-dimensional shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quaternary structure of a protein is?

    <p>The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enzymes?

    <p>Proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active site?

    <p>The part of the enzyme that fits the substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids?

    <p>Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ATP stand for?

    <p>Adenosine Triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atoms and Subatomic Particles

    • Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, composed of subatomic particles.
    • Protons carry a positive charge, while electrons carry a negative charge. Neutrons are neutral.
    • The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of protons it contains.
    • Isotopes are variations of the same element with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Ionic bonds form through the electrical attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.
    • Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in single or double bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared.
    • Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing due to differing electronegativities.

    Energy Concepts

    • Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy with potential to perform work.
    • Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

    Reactions in Chemistry

    • Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions occurring within cells.
    • Types of chemical reactions include synthesis (anabolic), decomposition (catabolic), exchange, and reversible reactions.

    Acids, Bases, and pH

    • A neutral solution has a pH of 7; acidic solutions have a pH below 7, and basic solutions above 7.
    • Buffers systems help maintain pH balance in the body.

    Organic Compounds

    • Organic compounds always contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H); carbohydrates and lipids fall under this category.
    • Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms, while disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined together. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates.

    Lipids and Fatty Acids

    • Lipids are essential structural components of cells and serve as significant energy reserves.
    • Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids include one or more double bonds.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are composed of amino acids, which contain central carbon, hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable R group.
    • Peptide bonds link amino acids together, forming peptides and proteins.
    • The structure of proteins includes primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).

    Enzymes and Enzyme Function

    • Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, accelerating processes without being consumed.
    • The active site of an enzyme is the region where substrates bind to undergo a chemical reaction.

    Nucleic Acids and ATP

    • Nucleic acids consist of five nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
    • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of cells, crucial for energy transfer in biological systems.

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    Test your knowledge of the chemical level of organization in Anatomy and Physiology with these flashcards. Explore key concepts such as atoms, subatomic particles, and their charges. Perfect for quick review or deep study before exams.

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