61 Questions
Which cavity contains all thoracic structures except the lungs?
Mediastinum
What divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?
Space between T4-T5
Which part of the mediastinum contains the pericardium including the heart?
Middle
How many chambers does the heart consist of?
Four
Which structure contracts together followed by the ventricles contracting together?
Atria
What is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
Which part of the mediastinum is located above the thoracic plane from sternal angle to the space between T4-T5?
Superior
What is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity divided into?
Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Middle, Posterior
The apex of the heart is formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle. Which surface of the heart is NOT mentioned in the text?
Anterior surface
Which structure receives most venous drainage of the heart through the coronary sinus?
Right atrium
Which chamber of the heart contains pectinate muscles and a valveless pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
What forms the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Fibrous rings connected to each other
What does the conduction system of the heart include?
Sinus-atrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV), atrioventricular bundles (of His), and Purkinje fibers.
Which clinical conditions are mentioned as affecting the heart in the text?
Valvular stenosis and regurgitation
What is the main vein of the heart mentioned in the text?
Coronary sinus
Which part of the heart regulates blood pumping speed, coronary circulations, and nociceptive and reflexive fibers?
Sympathetic nervous system
What clinical condition is caused by a blockage of the arterial heart supply resulting in myocardial necrosis due to lipid depositing?
Myocardial infarction
Which vessels form plexuses following the arteries and end on the right side, draining into a single vessel that joins the tracheobronchial lymph nodes?
Lymphatic vessels
What clinical condition affects the heart by creating a blockage of arterial heart supply?
Coronary artery blockage
What is the main function of the fibrous pericardium?
To act as a barrier from diseases and limit heart stretching
Which nerve innervates the pericardium for pain from the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
What condition is characterized by inflammation and friction sounds related to the pericardium?
Pericarditis
What structures form the epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart?
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium
What clinical condition is characterized by non-inflammatory effusion preventing the heart from expanding and contracting, potentially leading to heart failure?
Cardiac tamponade
Which vessels supply blood to the pericardium?
Internal thoracic artery and pulmonary veins
What structures do two tubes formed at the great vessels' ending surround?
The inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins
Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the pericardium through the esophageal plexus?
Vagus nerve
What forms the base of the heart?
The left atrium
What structures are formed by the grooves of the heart?
Atrioventricular or coronary sulci and anterior and posterior interventricular sulci.
What arteries are tributaries to the brachiocephalic and azygos system in relation to supplying blood to the pericardium?
Pericardiophrenic branch, musculophrenic, and superior phrenic arteries.
Which vessel supplies blood to the pericardium?
Internal thoracic artery
What nerve innervates the pericardium for pain from the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
Which structure forms the epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart?
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
What is the main function of the fibrous pericardium?
Acts as a barrier from diseases
What is the clinical condition characterized by inflammation and friction sounds related to the pericardium?
Pericarditis
Which structure contracts together followed by the ventricles contracting together?
Atria
What is the clinical condition caused by a blockage of arterial heart supply resulting in myocardial necrosis due to lipid depositing?
Myocardial infarction
Which clinical conditions are mentioned as affecting the heart in the text?
Pericarditis and cardiac tamponade
What structure receives most venous drainage of the heart through the coronary sinus?
Right atrium
What divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?
Thoracic plane
What forms the base of the heart?
Left atrium
What forms the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Collagen layers in the serous pericardium
Which part of the thoracic cavity contains all thoracic structures except the lungs?
Inferior
What divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?
Sternum
Which structure forms the base of the heart?
Left ventricle
What clinical condition is characterized by non-inflammatory effusion preventing the heart from expanding and contracting, potentially leading to heart failure?
Cardiac tamponade
Which part of the heart regulates blood pumping speed, coronary circulations, and nociceptive and reflexive fibers?
Fibrous skeleton
Which nerve innervates the pericardium for pain from the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
What structures are formed by the grooves of the heart?
Coronary arteries
What structures do two tubes formed at the great vessels' ending surround?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
What is the main function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
To serve as attachment for the leaflets and cusps of the heart valves
Which part of the heart regulates blood pumping speed, coronary circulations, and nociceptive and reflexive fibers?
The sinus-atrial node (SA)
What clinical condition is characterized by non-inflammatory effusion preventing the heart from expanding and contracting, potentially leading to heart failure?
Pericardial effusion
Which structures form the epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart?
Coronary arteries and coronary sinus
Which vessels supply blood to the pericardium?
Coronary arteries
What divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior parts?
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
What structures are formed by the grooves of the heart?
Sternocostal, diaphragmatic, right and left pulmonary surfaces
What condition is characterized by inflammation and friction sounds related to the pericardium?
Pericarditis
What does the conduction system of the heart include?
The sinus-atrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV), atrioventricular bundles (of His), and Purkinje fibers
What chamber of the heart contains pectinate muscles and a valveless pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
What is the main vein of the heart mentioned in the text?
Coronary sinus
Study Notes
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The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which consists of two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
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The fibrous pericardium is a conical shape, formed by three collagen layers, and acts as a barrier from diseases and limits heart stretching. It is anchored to the great vessels, anteriorly by the adventitia and pretracheal fascia, and posteriorly to structures of the posterior mediastinum through the pericardiophrenic ligament, sternopericardial ligament, and continuity with the great vessels adventitia.
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The serous pericardium has a parietal layer, which reflects at the great vessels of the heart with the visceral layer, and a visceral layer, which forms the epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart.
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Two tubes are formed at the great vessels' ending: one surrounds the aorta and pulmonary trunk, the other surrounds the inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins.
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The pericardium is supplied by the internal thoracic artery through the pericardiophrenic branch, musculophrenic, and superior phrenic arteries. The pericardiophrenic veins are tributaries to the brachiocephalic and the azygos system.
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The pericardium is innervated by the phrenic nerve for pain from the fibrous and parietal pericardium, the vagus nerve through the esophageal plexus and left recurrent laryngeal nerve for parasympathetic innervation, and the sympathetic trunk for vasomotor activity and pain from the serous layer.
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Clinical conditions related to the pericardium include pericarditis, characterized by inflammation and friction sounds, pericardial effusion due to fluid accumulation, and cardiac tamponade, where non-inflammatory effusion prevents the heart from expanding and contracting, potentially leading to heart failure, with referred pain in the supraclavicular region.
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The heart is a conical shape structure with a base and an apex, consisting of four chambers: right and left atrium, and right and left ventricles. It has grooves, including the atrioventricular or coronary sulci and the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci. The base of the heart is mostly formed by the left atrium.
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The heart is composed of several chambers and surfaces, with the apex formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle.
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The surfaces of the heart include the sternocostal, diaphragmatic, right and left pulmonary surfaces.
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The right atrium is located superiorly, formed by the right atrium and right auricle, and it receives most venous drainage of the heart through the coronary sinus.
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The right atrium contains the tricuspid valve, pectinate muscles, and sinus venarum.
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The right ventricle is located inferiorly, with the tricuspid valve having three leaflets, chorda tendineae, and papillary muscles.
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The left atrium is located to the left of the left ventricle, with the auricle having pectinate muscles and a valveless pulmonary veins.
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The fibrous skeleton of the heart consists of four fibrous rings connected to each other, which keep the orifices open and serve as attachments for the leaflets and cusps of the heart valves.
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The conduction system of the heart includes the sinus-atrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV), atrioventricular bundles (of His), and Purkinje fibers.
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Valvular stenosis and regurgitation are common clinical conditions affecting the heart, with aortic and mitral stenosis and regurgitation being examples.
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The heart is supplied by the coronary arteries, which are the first branches of the aorta, and the coronary sinus is the main vein of the heart.
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Lymphatic vessels form plexuses following the arteries and end on the right side, draining into a single vessel that joins the tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
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The heart is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which create the cardiac plexuses and regulate blood pumping speed, coronary circulations, and nociceptive and reflexive fibers of the heart.
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Myocardial infarction is a clinical condition caused by a blockage of the arterial heart supply, resulting in myocardial necrosis due to lipid depositing (atherosclerosis).
This lecture covers the internal and external structure of the heart, including the pericardium, as well as the anatomy of Coronary circulation. It also explains the major relationships of the heart and pericardium.
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