Questions and Answers
The two types of heart failure are right and left ______.
heart failure
The most common type of congenital heart disease is ventricle ______ defects.
septal
The term used when blood flow is obstructed by aortic ______ is a condition known as aortic coarctation.
coarctation
Ischemic Heart Disease often results from decreased coronary artery blood ______.
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Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than ______ mm Hg systolic or 95 mm Hg diastolic.
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The signs indicating that a patient has a cardiovascular ______ include cyanosis and led edema.
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A major consequence of atherosclerosis is myocardial ______.
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Blood pressure ranges from normal at less than ______ mm Hg systolic.
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Antihypertensive therapy reduces the incidence of diseases related to ______, particularly IHD.
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Tetralogy of fallot is an example of a right-to-left ______.
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Understanding of heart anatomy including chambers, pericardial sac, myocardium, valves, innervation, and blood supply
- Familiarity with cardiovascular physiology including cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart waves, and ECG
- Knowledge of common heart pathologies
- Clinical examination techniques related to the heart
Anatomy of the Heart
- The heart is a muscular organ encased in a fibrous pericardial sac containing lubricating fluid.
- Myocardium is the heart muscle, lined internally by endothelium.
- Divided into two pumps: right heart (pumps to lungs) and left heart (funnels blood to body).
- Each side consists of an atrium and a ventricle, with blood flow governed by valves.
Heart Chambers and Septa
- Four chambers are divided by septa:
- Interatrial septum (right and left atria)
- Interventricular septum (right and left ventricles)
- Surface grooves mark the heart’s septal divisions.
Pericardium
- Tough, cone-shaped sac surrounding the heart and great vessels, firmly attached to the diaphragm.
- Contains no gap junctions like skeletal muscle; adjacent myocardial cells connect through intercalated discs facilitating synchronized contraction.
Heart Innervation
- Rich supply of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
- Parasympathetic fibers (vagus nerve) release acetylcholine; sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine.
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves:
- Tricuspid valve (right) with three cusps, preventing backflow during ventricular contraction.
- Mitral valve (left) with two cusps, assisted by papillary muscles.
- Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary): three cusps each, preventing regurgitation during diastole.
Heart Sounds
- S1: First heart sound marking ventricular contraction.
- S2: Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves.
- S3: Rapid ventricular filling sound, normal in children and active adults.
- S4: Atrial contraction sound, occurring just before S1.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
- Records electrical activity during heartbeats, producing a waveform strip.
- Normal adult heart rates range from 60 to 100 bpm; tachycardia exceeds 100 bpm, bradycardia falls below 60 bpm.
- Key waveforms:
- P wave: Atrial contraction indicator, duration of 0.06 - 0.12 seconds.
- QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization and contraction, duration of 0.06 - 0.10 seconds.
- T wave: Ventricular repolarization, duration of 0.1 - 0.25 seconds.
Pathology of the Heart
- Heart Failure: Heart's inability to pump adequately; results in fluid buildup and organ dysfunction.
- Congenital Heart Disease: Present at birth, including left-to-right and right-to-left shunts.
- Ischemic Heart Disease: Inadequate blood flow to myocardium, leading to angina and myocardial infarction (MI).
- Hypertensive Heart Disease: Complications due to continuous high blood pressure.
Additional Conditions
- Valvular Heart Disease: Malfunctioning heart valves affecting blood flow.
- Cardiomyopathies: Diseases affecting heart muscle function.
- Pericardial Disease: Inflammation or infection of the pericardial sac.
- Tumors: Rare heart tumors.
Atherosclerosis
- Leading cause of death due to plaque buildup in vital arteries, can cause myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and aortic aneurysm.
Blood Pressure
- Hypertension affects about 25% of the population.
- Normal adult blood pressure: <140/90 mm Hg; borderline: 140-160/90-95 mm Hg; definite: >160/95 mm Hg.
- Controlled blood pressure reduces atherosclerosis-related diseases and events like strokes.
Clinical Signs of Cardiovascular Issues
- Cyanosis: Bluish skin indicative of reduced oxygen levels.
- Xanthelasma: Yellowish cholesterol deposits around the eyes.
- Leg edema: Swelling in the legs due to fluid retention associated with heart dysfunction.
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Description
Explore the second lecture focusing on the heart's anatomy, including its chambers, valves, and blood supply. You'll also delve into cardiovascular physiology, covering the cardiac cycle and heart sounds, along with clinical notes and pathological aspects of the heart. This quiz is essential for understanding the complexities of heart health and function.
