Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

  • Tricuspid valve (correct)
  • Mitral valve
  • Ostashian valve
  • Thebesian valve

    • What is the name of the valve located between the coronary sinus and the right atrium?

  • Mitral valve
  • Thebesian valve (correct)
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Ostashian valve

    • What type of ventricular muscle is attached to the ventricular wall at two ends?

  • Papillary
  • Bridge (correct)
  • Moderatory
  • Ridge

    • What is the name of the structure that passes into the cavity of the ventricle?

    <p>Papillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure located on the lateral wall of the right atrium?

    <p>Crista terminalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many openings of pulmonary veins are present in the left atrium?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the heart contains coronary vessels?

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sinoatrial node?

    <p>To initiate impulses 70-80 times per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the coronary arteries?

    <p>To supply the heart with oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart is thicker, the right or left ventricle?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>To initiate impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart is in contact with blood flow?

    <p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

    <p>To separate the right atrium and ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the heart in males?

    <p>320 gr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the Thymus?

    <p>Anterior mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?

    <p>Right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the heart?

    <p>Cone-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the base of the heart?

    <p>Superior and posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface marking of the right border of the heart?

    <p>From the third right costal cartilage to the sixth right costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the apex of the heart?

    <p>Below and to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of chambers in the heart?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atrioventricular node in the heart?

    <p>To allow the atria to finish contraction before the ventricles begin contracting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Bundle of His?

    <p>A bundle of fibers that transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pericardium?

    <p>To protect and anchor the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the serous pericardium?

    <p>To line the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium and the surface of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

    <p>To line the surface of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

    <p>Fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the atrioventricular node?

    <p>In the bottom of the right atrium near the septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the patient's symptoms in the case presentation?

    <p>They indicate a heart problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pulse rate for an adult?

    <p>60-100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal fetal pulse rate?

    <p>110-160 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of the mitral valve revealed by echocardiography?

    <p>Calcification in both leaflets of the mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of the left atrium according to the echocardiography results?

    <p>Enlarged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of heart rhythm disorder revealed by the electrocardiogram?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of the ischemic cascade?

    <p>Formation of ventricular aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of modifiable risk factors for cardiac problems?

    <p>They can be controlled through lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of heart cells dying due to a blocked coronary artery?

    <p>They do not regenerate and form a collagen scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System

    • The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, vessels, and blood.

    Heart

    • The heart is cone-shaped, weighing approximately 320 grams in males and 270 grams in females.
    • It has three surfaces: anterior (sternocostal), inferior (diaphragmatic), and left (pulmonary).
    • The heart is located in the middle mediastinum, with one-third on the right side and two-thirds on the left side of the midline.
    • The apex of the heart is below and to the left, related to the 5th left intercostal space, 8 cm from the midline.

    Position of the Heart

    • The base of the heart is located in the superior and posterior regions.
    • The apex is inferior and anterior.

    Chambers of the Heart

    • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
    • The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface.

    Grooves on the Heart

    • There are two grooves on the anterior surface: the coronary sulcus (or atrioventricular sulcus) and the anterior interventricular sulcus.
    • There are two grooves on the inferior surface: the coronary sulcus (or atrioventricular sulcus) and the inferior interventricular sulcus.

    Surface Marking of the Heart

    • The right border of the heart extends from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th costal cartilage, 1 cm to the right of the sternal border.
    • The left border extends from the 2nd left costal cartilage to the 5th left intercostal space, 8 cm from the midline.

    Valves of the Heart

    • There are four valves: tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve.

    Right Atrium

    • The posterior smooth part is the sinus venarum.
    • The anterior part has pectinate muscles.
    • There is a crista terminalis on the lateral wall.
    • The fossa ovalis is on the medial wall.
    • The valve of inferior vena cava (Ostashian valve) and the valve of coronary sinus (Thebesian valve) are present.

    Left Atrium

    • The wall is smooth, except in the left auricle.
    • There are four openings of pulmonary veins.
    • The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.

    Ventricular Muscles

    • There are three types of ventricular muscles: ridge, bridge, and papillary.

    Layers of the Heart

    • There are three layers: epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (thick middle layer), and endocardium (inner layer).

    Coronary Arteries

    • The coronary arteries originate from the aorta and supply the heart with blood flow.
    • The main coronary artery lies on the surface of the heart (epicardial coronary arteries).
    • Small penetrating arteries supply the myocardial muscle.

    Cardiac Conduction System

    • The cardiac conduction system controls the heart rate.
    • The sinoatrial node (SA node) initiates impulses (70-80 times per minute) and is located in the back wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the vena cava superior.
    • The atrioventricular node (AV node) is located in the bottom of the right atrium near the septum and conducts impulses more slowly, causing a delay.

    Pericardium

    • The pericardium is a double-walled sac around the heart.
    • It is composed of the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
    • The pericardium protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling, and allows for a friction-free environment.

    Clinical Findings

    • Patient presentation: shortness of breath, fatigue, and racing heart during exercise.
    • Physical examination: pulse rate of 122 bpm, auscultation reveals a mid-diastolic murmur and systolic "snap" over the heart apex, and crackles detected in all lung lobes.
    • Echocardiography reveals calcification in both leaflets of the mitral valve, doming of the anterior leaflet, and thickened and shortened chordae tendineae.

    Main Contributing Risk Factors to Cardiac Problems

    • Hypertension
    • Hyperlipidemia
    • Smoking
    • Diabetes

    These are considered modifiable risk factors.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the components of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, vessels, blood, and their functions. It also covers the location of the heart in the mediastinum and the thymus.

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