Anatomy of Clavicle and Scapula

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the conoid tubercle found on the clavicle?

Support for the acromion bone

Point of articulation with the scapula

Attachment point for the subscapularis muscle

Attachment point for the coracoclavicular ligament (correct)

Which border of the scapula is closest to the vertebral column?

Inferior border

Medial border (correct)

Lateral border

Superior border

Where is the glenoid cavity located?

In the lateral angle of the scapula (correct)

On the anterior surface of the clavicle

At the superior angle of the scapula

Between the superior and medial borders of the scapula

What is the primary feature of the anterior surface of the scapula?

Subscapular fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the scapula helps to form the bony tip of the shoulder?

Acromion Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located lateral to the head of the humerus?

Greater tubercle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found on the anterior surface of the right scapula?

Suprascapular notch Signup and view all the answers

Identify the structure that runs alongside the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.

Radial groove Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the coracoid process in relation to the glenoid cavity?

Superior to the glenoid cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which angle of the right scapula is located at the inferior corner?

Inferior angle Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the humerus is located directly below the anatomical neck?

Surgical Neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olecranon fossa in the humerus?

Accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when the elbow is extended Signup and view all the answers

Which structure on the radius is the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle?

Radial Tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

Trochlear Notch Signup and view all the answers

Identify the bony projection found on the distal part of the lateral side of the humerus.

Lateral Epicondyle Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical location of the intertubercular sulcus on the humerus?

Between the greater and lesser tubercles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the radius having a slight curve?

Shaft of the radius Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the radius and ulna to articulate at both proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

To allow for rotational movements Signup and view all the answers

Which carpal bone is located in the distal row of the wrist?

Capitate Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ulna interacts with the radius?

Radial notch Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with scaphoid fractures?

Avascular necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of phalanges in a human hand?

14 Signup and view all the answers

In which position are the radius and ulna positioned during supination?

Parallel with ulna on the lateral side Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the metacarpals is true?

They are located proximal to the phalanges Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the true pelvis from the false pelvis?

The true pelvis contains the pelvic cavity and organs; the false pelvis does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the pelvic inlet?

It is defined by the bony ridge known as the pelvic brim. Signup and view all the answers

Which pelvic feature is most associated with sexually dimorphic characteristics?

Pelvic outlet shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural difference between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet?

The pelvic inlet is larger and more rounded, whereas the pelvic outlet is narrower and less prominent. Signup and view all the answers

In comparing male and female pelvises, which of the following features typically differs?

Shape of the pelvic brim Signup and view all the answers

What bones form the adult pelvis?

Sacrum, coccyx, right and left ossa coxae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle?

To support the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a deep socket that receives the head of the femur?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pelvis articulates with the trunk?

Os coxae Signup and view all the answers

How is the pelvis positioned when a person stands upright?

Angled anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is not part of the os coxae?

Sacrum Signup and view all the answers

What connects the sacrum and ilium?

Sacroiliac joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT located in the anterior view of the pelvis?

Femur head Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for weight-bearing in the pelvis?

Ischial tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is part of the complete pelvis?

Sacrum, coccyx, right and left ossa coxae Signup and view all the answers

Which three bones combine to form the os coxae?

Ilium, ischium, pubis Signup and view all the answers

Where is the acetabulum located in relation to the os coxae?

On the lateral surface of the os coxae Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the ischium in relation to the acetabulum?

It is located posterior to the acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure articulates with the femoral head?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternate name for the ischial tuberosities?

Sitting bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the iliac crest associated with?

The superiormost ridge of the ilium Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is found on the ilium?

Iliac fossa Signup and view all the answers

What forms the ischiopubic ramus?

The ramus of the ischium and the inferior pubic ramus Signup and view all the answers

At what age do the bones that make up the os coxae typically fuse?

13 to 15 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a feature of the ischium?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Clavicle

Superior surface is smooth, inferior surface is rough
Conoid tubercle, near acromial end, for coracoclavicular ligament attachment
Costal tuberosity, near sternal end, for costoclavicular ligament attachment

Scapula

Broad, flat, triangular bone
Borders: superior, medial (vertebral), lateral
Angles: superior (superior and medial borders), inferior (medial and lateral borders), lateral (glenoid cavity)
Posterior surface features a spine, acromion, and coracoid process
Anterior surface: subscapular fossa
Glenoid cavity articulates with humerus

Scapula (Anterior View)

Acromion: superior lateral angle
Coracoid process: projects anterior to glenoid cavity
Superior border: horizontal edge
Lateral border: outer vertical edge (also called axillary border)
Medial border: inner vertical edge (also called vertebral border)
Superior angle: point at superior corner
Lateral angle: point at inferior corner
Inferior angle: point at lower corner
Suprascapular notch: located on the superior border
Glenoid cavity: smooth anterior surface, articulates with humerus head
Subscapular fossa: large, smooth, anterior surface
Supraspinous fossa: shallow depression superior to the spine
Infraspinous fossa: depression inferior to the spine

Scapula (Posterior View)

Spine: prominent ridge running lengthwise
Acromion: lateral extension of the spine
Infraspinous fossa: posterior to the spine
Supraspinous fossa: anterior to the spine
Glenoid cavity: articulation point for humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb

Upper limb: brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), hand
Total 30 bones in upper limb
Humerus: located in brachium
Radius and Ulna: located in antebrachium
Carpals: form wrist
Metacarpals: form palm of hand
Phalanges: form fingers

Humerus

Head: hemispherical structure
Greater tubercle: lateral to head
Lesser tubercle: medial to head
Intertubercular sulcus (Bicipital groove): depression between tubercles, contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
Surgical neck: narrowing of the bone
Deltoid tuberosity: roughened area for muscle attachment
Radial groove: runs alongside the deltoid tuberosity
Medial and lateral epicondyles: prominent bony projections for muscle attachment

Humerus (Anterior View)

Head: topmost part of the humerus
Anatomical neck: lower part of the head, between head and tubercles
Surgical neck: below anatomical neck
Greater tubercle: prominent bony projection on superior lateral aspect
Lesser tubercle: smaller bony projection on superior medial aspect
Intertubercular sulcus (groove): groove between the greater and lesser tubercles
Deltoid tuberosity: roughened area on shaft where deltoid muscle attaches
Shaft: main body of the bone
Radial fossa: anterior depression, accommodates the head of the radius
Coronoid fossa: anterior depression, accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna
Olecranon fossa: posterior depression, accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when elbow is extended
Capitulum: rounded distal end, articulates with the radius
Trochlea: pulley-shaped distal end, articulates with the ulna
Lateral epicondyle: bony projection on lateral (outside) of distal humerus
Medial epicondyle: bony projection on medial (inside) of distal humerus

Humerus (Posterior View)

Same structures as in the anterior view, but from a posterior perspective

Elbow Joint (Anterior View)

Humerus, radius, and ulna together showing articulation details

Radius and Ulna (Anterior View)

Head of the radius: proximal end of the radius
Neck of the radius: between head and tubercle
Radial tuberosity: roughened area on the radius where biceps brachii muscle attaches
Shaft of the radius: main part of the bone
Styloid process of the radius: distal bony projection
Head of the ulna: proximal end of the ulna
Trochlear notch: C-shaped articular facet on the ulna
Coronoid process: bony projection on the ulna
Olecranon: bony projection on the ulna, extends upward
Distal radial ulnar joint: articulation between the ulna and radius at distal ends

Radius and Ulna

Radius: disc-shaped, articulates with humerus
Radial head, narrow neck, and radial tuberosity (biceps brachii muscle attachment)
Shaft curves slightly, wider distal end with lateral styloid process
Ulna and radius articulate at proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Ulna: longer, medial bone of the forearm
Trochlear notch, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch
Distal end: knoblike head, posteromedial styloid process
Interosseous borders for interosseous membrane, allowing rotation (supination and pronation)
Supination: radius and ulna parallel, radius lateral, ulna medial
Pronation: radius crosses over ulna, rotates along interosseous membrane

Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges

Carpals: 8 small, short bones arranged in proximal and distal rows of 4
Metacarpals: 5 bones, form palm of hand, articulate with distal carpal bones
Phalanges: 14 bones, form digits (fingers and thumb)
Each finger has 3 phalanges (distal, middle, and proximal)
Thumb has 2 phalanges (distal and proximal)

Scaphoid Fractures

Common fracture from falling on outstretched hand
Can cause avascular necrosis due to blood vessel damage
Healing can take a long time

Pelvic Girdle and Its Functions

Adult pelvis: sacrum, coccyx, right and left ossa coxae
Protection and support for viscera in inferior ventral body cavity
Pelvic girdle: left and right ossa coxae, articulate with trunk, attachment point for lower limbs
Pelvis angled anteriorly when upright

Pelvis (Anterior View)

Sacrum: triangular bone
Coccyx: small, triangular bone
Os Coxae: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Sacroiliac joint: joins sacrum and ilium
Anterior superior iliac spine:
Anterior inferior iliac spine:
Ischial spine:
Acetabulum: deep socket for head of femur
Pubic tubercle:
Obturator foramen:
Pubic symphysis:

Pelvis Radiograph (Anterior View)

Pelvic inlet:
Ischial tuberosity:
Pubic tubercle:
Head of femur:
Neck of femur:
Greater trochanter:
Obturator foramen:
Lesser trochanter:

Os Coxae

Hip bone, formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis, fuse between 13 and 15 years old
Femur articulates with acetabulum (deep, curved depression)
Acetabulum: shallow, cup-shaped structure, articulates with femoral head
Ilium: superior portion of os coxae, ala (wide, fan-shaped portion), iliac fossa (medial depression)
Iliac crest: superior ridge, anterior and posterior superior and inferior iliac spines located along crest
Ischium: posterior to acetabulum, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity (sitz bones), ramus
Pubis: anterior to ischium, superior and inferior pubic rami, body of the pubis
Obturator foramen: enclosed by pubis and ischium

True and False Pelves

Pelvic brim: continuous, oval ridge, pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, rounded inferior edges of sacral ala and promontory
Subdivides pelvis into true pelvis (lesser pelvis) and false pelvis (greater pelvis)
True pelvis: inferior to pelvic brim, encloses pelvic cavity, contains pelvic organs
False pelvis: superior to pelvic brim, inferior region of abdominal cavity, houses inferior abdominal organs
Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture): space enclosed by pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperture): inferior opening, bounded by coccyx, ischial spines, and pubic symphysis

Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Pelvis

Reliable indicator of sex
Differences in pelvic outlet, inlet, subpubic angle
Ilia, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, obturator foramen, sacral curvature, body of pubis, subpubic angle, muscle markings, ilia, pelvis shape, pubic body, sacral curvature

Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Pelvis (Table)

Anterior View:
- Female: Wider and more flared ilium, preauricular sulcus, wide greater sciatic notch
- Male: Narrower and more vertical ilium, narrow greater sciatic notch
General Width:
- Female: Wider pelvis and more flared ilia
- Male: Narrower pelvis and more vertical ilia
Pelvic Inlet:
- Female: Spacious, wide and oval
- Male: Narrow, V-shaped
Pelvic Outlet:
- Female: Wide and shallow
- Male: Narrow and U-shaped, deep
Obturator Foramen:
- Female: Wide and oval
- Male: Large and oval
Sacral Curvature:
- Female: Smaller and triangular, broader or more convex, usually greater than 100 degrees
- Male: Shorter, triangular, usually less than 90 degrees
Body of Pubis:
- Female: Longer, more rectangular
- Male: Short, triangular
Subpubic Angle:
- Female: Typically wider, usually greater than 100 degrees
- Male: Usually narrower, typically less than 90 degrees
Muscle Markings:
- Female: Less prominent
- Male: More robust
Ilia:
- Female: Flared
- Male: Vertically oriented, less flared
Pelvis Shape:
- Female: Wide and oval
- Male: Heart-shaped
Pubic Body:
- Female: Regularly presents
- Male: Usually absent
Sacral Curvature:
- Female: Shorter and flatter; rarely projects into outlet
- Male: Longer, more curved; frequently projects into outlet

Age Differences in the Ossa Coxae

Excellent indicators of sex and age
Age-related changes:
- Auricular surface:
  - Young adult: billowing texture, fine-grained
  - As person ages: billowing flattens, surface coarser and granular, bony lipping (osteoarthritis)
- Symphysial surface:
  - Young adult (15-24): billowed, lacks well-formed rim around surface
  - As person ages: surface flattens, bony rim forms, completes by ages 35-50
  - Older individuals: surface concave, possibly pitted, bony lipping or arthritis can develop

Bones of the Lower Limb

Lower limb: thigh, leg, and foot, supports bipedal walking and running
30 bones in each lower limb:
- 1 femur: femoral region
- 1 patella: patellar region
- 1 tibia and 1 fibula: crural region
- 7 tarsal bones: form ankle and proximal foot
- 5 metatarsal bones: form arched part of the foot
- 14 phalanges: form toes

Femur and Patella

Femur: longest and strongest bone in the body
Head articulates with acetabulum of os coxae, fovea capitis (small depression for ligament attachment)
Neck: constricted, joins head to shaft, slight medial angle
Greater trochanter: projects from neck-shaft junction, gluteal muscles attachment
Lesser trochanter: on posterior surface
Intertrochanteric line (anterior), intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
Pectineal line: pectineus muscle attachment
Gluteal tuberosity: gluteus maximus attachment
Linea aspera: raised ridge, many thigh muscles attach
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines (distal)
Medial and lateral condyles: smooth, oval articulating surfaces distally
Patellar surface: smooth depression on anterior surface, patella articulates

Patella

Triangular sesamoid bone
Superior base broad, inferior apex pointed
Posterior surface: articular surface, articulates with patellar surface of femur, allows quadriceps tendon to glide smoothly

The Tibia and Fibula

The tibia and fibula are the two bones in the leg (crural region)
They are parallel, with the tibia being the thicker, stronger bone and the fibula being the slender one.
The tibia is the only weight-bearing bone in the leg and is located medially.
The tibia and fibula are connected by the interosseous membrane located between their interosseous borders.
The interosseous membrane stabilizes the tibia and fibula and allows for minimal rotation between them.
The tibia's superior head has two flat surfaces called the medial and lateral condyles which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
The intercondylar eminence is a prominent ridge that separates the condyles of the tibia.
The fibular articular facet is located on the proximal posterolateral side of the tibia.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the clavicle and scapula. This quiz covers the features, borders, and structure of these essential bones. Understand their anatomical significance and relationships to surrounding ligaments and muscles.