Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the conoid tubercle found on the clavicle?
What is the function of the conoid tubercle found on the clavicle?
Which border of the scapula is closest to the vertebral column?
Which border of the scapula is closest to the vertebral column?
Where is the glenoid cavity located?
Where is the glenoid cavity located?
What is the primary feature of the anterior surface of the scapula?
What is the primary feature of the anterior surface of the scapula?
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Which feature of the scapula helps to form the bony tip of the shoulder?
Which feature of the scapula helps to form the bony tip of the shoulder?
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What structure is located lateral to the head of the humerus?
What structure is located lateral to the head of the humerus?
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Which of the following structures is found on the anterior surface of the right scapula?
Which of the following structures is found on the anterior surface of the right scapula?
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Identify the structure that runs alongside the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
Identify the structure that runs alongside the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
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What is the anatomical position of the coracoid process in relation to the glenoid cavity?
What is the anatomical position of the coracoid process in relation to the glenoid cavity?
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Which angle of the right scapula is located at the inferior corner?
Which angle of the right scapula is located at the inferior corner?
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Which part of the humerus is located directly below the anatomical neck?
Which part of the humerus is located directly below the anatomical neck?
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What is the function of the olecranon fossa in the humerus?
What is the function of the olecranon fossa in the humerus?
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Which structure on the radius is the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle?
Which structure on the radius is the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle?
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Which feature of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?
Which feature of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?
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Identify the bony projection found on the distal part of the lateral side of the humerus.
Identify the bony projection found on the distal part of the lateral side of the humerus.
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What is the anatomical location of the intertubercular sulcus on the humerus?
What is the anatomical location of the intertubercular sulcus on the humerus?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the radius having a slight curve?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the radius having a slight curve?
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What is the main reason for the radius and ulna to articulate at both proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
What is the main reason for the radius and ulna to articulate at both proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
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Which carpal bone is located in the distal row of the wrist?
Which carpal bone is located in the distal row of the wrist?
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Which part of the ulna interacts with the radius?
Which part of the ulna interacts with the radius?
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What is a common complication associated with scaphoid fractures?
What is a common complication associated with scaphoid fractures?
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What is the total number of phalanges in a human hand?
What is the total number of phalanges in a human hand?
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In which position are the radius and ulna positioned during supination?
In which position are the radius and ulna positioned during supination?
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Which of the following statements about the metacarpals is true?
Which of the following statements about the metacarpals is true?
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What distinguishes the true pelvis from the false pelvis?
What distinguishes the true pelvis from the false pelvis?
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Which statement correctly describes the pelvic inlet?
Which statement correctly describes the pelvic inlet?
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Which pelvic feature is most associated with sexually dimorphic characteristics?
Which pelvic feature is most associated with sexually dimorphic characteristics?
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What is the primary structural difference between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet?
What is the primary structural difference between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet?
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In comparing male and female pelvises, which of the following features typically differs?
In comparing male and female pelvises, which of the following features typically differs?
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What bones form the adult pelvis?
What bones form the adult pelvis?
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What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle?
What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle?
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Which structure is a deep socket that receives the head of the femur?
Which structure is a deep socket that receives the head of the femur?
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Which part of the pelvis articulates with the trunk?
Which part of the pelvis articulates with the trunk?
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How is the pelvis positioned when a person stands upright?
How is the pelvis positioned when a person stands upright?
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Which feature is not part of the os coxae?
Which feature is not part of the os coxae?
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What connects the sacrum and ilium?
What connects the sacrum and ilium?
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Which of these is NOT located in the anterior view of the pelvis?
Which of these is NOT located in the anterior view of the pelvis?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for weight-bearing in the pelvis?
Which of the following structures is responsible for weight-bearing in the pelvis?
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Which of the following components is part of the complete pelvis?
Which of the following components is part of the complete pelvis?
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Which three bones combine to form the os coxae?
Which three bones combine to form the os coxae?
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Where is the acetabulum located in relation to the os coxae?
Where is the acetabulum located in relation to the os coxae?
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What is characteristic of the ischium in relation to the acetabulum?
What is characteristic of the ischium in relation to the acetabulum?
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Which structure articulates with the femoral head?
Which structure articulates with the femoral head?
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What is an alternate name for the ischial tuberosities?
What is an alternate name for the ischial tuberosities?
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What is the iliac crest associated with?
What is the iliac crest associated with?
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Which feature is found on the ilium?
Which feature is found on the ilium?
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What forms the ischiopubic ramus?
What forms the ischiopubic ramus?
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At what age do the bones that make up the os coxae typically fuse?
At what age do the bones that make up the os coxae typically fuse?
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Which of the following is not a feature of the ischium?
Which of the following is not a feature of the ischium?
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Study Notes
Clavicle
- Superior surface is smooth, inferior surface is rough
- Conoid tubercle, near acromial end, for coracoclavicular ligament attachment
- Costal tuberosity, near sternal end, for costoclavicular ligament attachment
Scapula
- Broad, flat, triangular bone
- Borders: superior, medial (vertebral), lateral
- Angles: superior (superior and medial borders), inferior (medial and lateral borders), lateral (glenoid cavity)
- Posterior surface features a spine, acromion, and coracoid process
- Anterior surface: subscapular fossa
- Glenoid cavity articulates with humerus
Scapula (Anterior View)
- Acromion: superior lateral angle
- Coracoid process: projects anterior to glenoid cavity
- Superior border: horizontal edge
- Lateral border: outer vertical edge (also called axillary border)
- Medial border: inner vertical edge (also called vertebral border)
- Superior angle: point at superior corner
- Lateral angle: point at inferior corner
- Inferior angle: point at lower corner
- Suprascapular notch: located on the superior border
- Glenoid cavity: smooth anterior surface, articulates with humerus head
- Subscapular fossa: large, smooth, anterior surface
- Supraspinous fossa: shallow depression superior to the spine
- Infraspinous fossa: depression inferior to the spine
Scapula (Posterior View)
- Spine: prominent ridge running lengthwise
- Acromion: lateral extension of the spine
- Infraspinous fossa: posterior to the spine
- Supraspinous fossa: anterior to the spine
- Glenoid cavity: articulation point for humerus
Bones of the Upper Limb
- Upper limb: brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), hand
- Total 30 bones in upper limb
- Humerus: located in brachium
- Radius and Ulna: located in antebrachium
- Carpals: form wrist
- Metacarpals: form palm of hand
- Phalanges: form fingers
Humerus
- Head: hemispherical structure
- Greater tubercle: lateral to head
- Lesser tubercle: medial to head
- Intertubercular sulcus (Bicipital groove): depression between tubercles, contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
- Surgical neck: narrowing of the bone
- Deltoid tuberosity: roughened area for muscle attachment
- Radial groove: runs alongside the deltoid tuberosity
- Medial and lateral epicondyles: prominent bony projections for muscle attachment
Humerus (Anterior View)
- Head: topmost part of the humerus
- Anatomical neck: lower part of the head, between head and tubercles
- Surgical neck: below anatomical neck
- Greater tubercle: prominent bony projection on superior lateral aspect
- Lesser tubercle: smaller bony projection on superior medial aspect
- Intertubercular sulcus (groove): groove between the greater and lesser tubercles
- Deltoid tuberosity: roughened area on shaft where deltoid muscle attaches
- Shaft: main body of the bone
- Radial fossa: anterior depression, accommodates the head of the radius
- Coronoid fossa: anterior depression, accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna
- Olecranon fossa: posterior depression, accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when elbow is extended
- Capitulum: rounded distal end, articulates with the radius
- Trochlea: pulley-shaped distal end, articulates with the ulna
- Lateral epicondyle: bony projection on lateral (outside) of distal humerus
- Medial epicondyle: bony projection on medial (inside) of distal humerus
Humerus (Posterior View)
- Same structures as in the anterior view, but from a posterior perspective
Elbow Joint (Anterior View)
- Humerus, radius, and ulna together showing articulation details
Radius and Ulna (Anterior View)
- Head of the radius: proximal end of the radius
- Neck of the radius: between head and tubercle
- Radial tuberosity: roughened area on the radius where biceps brachii muscle attaches
- Shaft of the radius: main part of the bone
- Styloid process of the radius: distal bony projection
- Head of the ulna: proximal end of the ulna
- Trochlear notch: C-shaped articular facet on the ulna
- Coronoid process: bony projection on the ulna
- Olecranon: bony projection on the ulna, extends upward
- Distal radial ulnar joint: articulation between the ulna and radius at distal ends
Radius and Ulna
- Radius: disc-shaped, articulates with humerus
- Radial head, narrow neck, and radial tuberosity (biceps brachii muscle attachment)
- Shaft curves slightly, wider distal end with lateral styloid process
- Ulna and radius articulate at proximal and distal radioulnar joints
- Ulna: longer, medial bone of the forearm
- Trochlear notch, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch
- Distal end: knoblike head, posteromedial styloid process
- Interosseous borders for interosseous membrane, allowing rotation (supination and pronation)
- Supination: radius and ulna parallel, radius lateral, ulna medial
- Pronation: radius crosses over ulna, rotates along interosseous membrane
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
- Carpals: 8 small, short bones arranged in proximal and distal rows of 4
- Metacarpals: 5 bones, form palm of hand, articulate with distal carpal bones
- Phalanges: 14 bones, form digits (fingers and thumb)
- Each finger has 3 phalanges (distal, middle, and proximal)
- Thumb has 2 phalanges (distal and proximal)
Scaphoid Fractures
- Common fracture from falling on outstretched hand
- Can cause avascular necrosis due to blood vessel damage
- Healing can take a long time
Pelvic Girdle and Its Functions
- Adult pelvis: sacrum, coccyx, right and left ossa coxae
- Protection and support for viscera in inferior ventral body cavity
- Pelvic girdle: left and right ossa coxae, articulate with trunk, attachment point for lower limbs
- Pelvis angled anteriorly when upright
Pelvis (Anterior View)
- Sacrum: triangular bone
- Coccyx: small, triangular bone
- Os Coxae: ilium, ischium, and pubis
- Sacroiliac joint: joins sacrum and ilium
- Anterior superior iliac spine:
- Anterior inferior iliac spine:
- Ischial spine:
- Acetabulum: deep socket for head of femur
- Pubic tubercle:
- Obturator foramen:
- Pubic symphysis:
Pelvis Radiograph (Anterior View)
- Pelvic inlet:
- Ischial tuberosity:
- Pubic tubercle:
- Head of femur:
- Neck of femur:
- Greater trochanter:
- Obturator foramen:
- Lesser trochanter:
Os Coxae
- Hip bone, formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis, fuse between 13 and 15 years old
- Femur articulates with acetabulum (deep, curved depression)
- Acetabulum: shallow, cup-shaped structure, articulates with femoral head
- Ilium: superior portion of os coxae, ala (wide, fan-shaped portion), iliac fossa (medial depression)
- Iliac crest: superior ridge, anterior and posterior superior and inferior iliac spines located along crest
- Ischium: posterior to acetabulum, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity (sitz bones), ramus
- Pubis: anterior to ischium, superior and inferior pubic rami, body of the pubis
- Obturator foramen: enclosed by pubis and ischium
True and False Pelves
- Pelvic brim: continuous, oval ridge, pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, rounded inferior edges of sacral ala and promontory
- Subdivides pelvis into true pelvis (lesser pelvis) and false pelvis (greater pelvis)
- True pelvis: inferior to pelvic brim, encloses pelvic cavity, contains pelvic organs
- False pelvis: superior to pelvic brim, inferior region of abdominal cavity, houses inferior abdominal organs
- Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture): space enclosed by pelvic brim
- Pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperture): inferior opening, bounded by coccyx, ischial spines, and pubic symphysis
Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Pelvis
- Reliable indicator of sex
- Differences in pelvic outlet, inlet, subpubic angle
- Ilia, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, obturator foramen, sacral curvature, body of pubis, subpubic angle, muscle markings, ilia, pelvis shape, pubic body, sacral curvature
Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Pelvis (Table)
-
Anterior View:
- Female: Wider and more flared ilium, preauricular sulcus, wide greater sciatic notch
- Male: Narrower and more vertical ilium, narrow greater sciatic notch
-
General Width:
- Female: Wider pelvis and more flared ilia
- Male: Narrower pelvis and more vertical ilia
-
Pelvic Inlet:
- Female: Spacious, wide and oval
- Male: Narrow, V-shaped
-
Pelvic Outlet:
- Female: Wide and shallow
- Male: Narrow and U-shaped, deep
-
Obturator Foramen:
- Female: Wide and oval
- Male: Large and oval
-
Sacral Curvature:
- Female: Smaller and triangular, broader or more convex, usually greater than 100 degrees
- Male: Shorter, triangular, usually less than 90 degrees
-
Body of Pubis:
- Female: Longer, more rectangular
- Male: Short, triangular
-
Subpubic Angle:
- Female: Typically wider, usually greater than 100 degrees
- Male: Usually narrower, typically less than 90 degrees
-
Muscle Markings:
- Female: Less prominent
- Male: More robust
-
Ilia:
- Female: Flared
- Male: Vertically oriented, less flared
-
Pelvis Shape:
- Female: Wide and oval
- Male: Heart-shaped
-
Pubic Body:
- Female: Regularly presents
- Male: Usually absent
-
Sacral Curvature:
- Female: Shorter and flatter; rarely projects into outlet
- Male: Longer, more curved; frequently projects into outlet
Age Differences in the Ossa Coxae
- Excellent indicators of sex and age
- Age-related changes:
- Auricular surface:
- Young adult: billowing texture, fine-grained
- As person ages: billowing flattens, surface coarser and granular, bony lipping (osteoarthritis)
- Symphysial surface:
- Young adult (15-24): billowed, lacks well-formed rim around surface
- As person ages: surface flattens, bony rim forms, completes by ages 35-50
- Older individuals: surface concave, possibly pitted, bony lipping or arthritis can develop
- Auricular surface:
Bones of the Lower Limb
- Lower limb: thigh, leg, and foot, supports bipedal walking and running
- 30 bones in each lower limb:
- 1 femur: femoral region
- 1 patella: patellar region
- 1 tibia and 1 fibula: crural region
- 7 tarsal bones: form ankle and proximal foot
- 5 metatarsal bones: form arched part of the foot
- 14 phalanges: form toes
Femur and Patella
- Femur: longest and strongest bone in the body
- Head articulates with acetabulum of os coxae, fovea capitis (small depression for ligament attachment)
- Neck: constricted, joins head to shaft, slight medial angle
- Greater trochanter: projects from neck-shaft junction, gluteal muscles attachment
- Lesser trochanter: on posterior surface
- Intertrochanteric line (anterior), intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
- Pectineal line: pectineus muscle attachment
- Gluteal tuberosity: gluteus maximus attachment
- Linea aspera: raised ridge, many thigh muscles attach
- Medial and lateral supracondylar lines (distal)
- Medial and lateral condyles: smooth, oval articulating surfaces distally
- Patellar surface: smooth depression on anterior surface, patella articulates
Patella
- Triangular sesamoid bone
- Superior base broad, inferior apex pointed
- Posterior surface: articular surface, articulates with patellar surface of femur, allows quadriceps tendon to glide smoothly
The Tibia and Fibula
- The tibia and fibula are the two bones in the leg (crural region)
- They are parallel, with the tibia being the thicker, stronger bone and the fibula being the slender one.
- The tibia is the only weight-bearing bone in the leg and is located medially.
- The tibia and fibula are connected by the interosseous membrane located between their interosseous borders.
- The interosseous membrane stabilizes the tibia and fibula and allows for minimal rotation between them.
- The tibia's superior head has two flat surfaces called the medial and lateral condyles which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
- The intercondylar eminence is a prominent ridge that separates the condyles of the tibia.
- The fibular articular facet is located on the proximal posterolateral side of the tibia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the clavicle and scapula. This quiz covers the features, borders, and structure of these essential bones. Understand their anatomical significance and relationships to surrounding ligaments and muscles.
