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What is the primary function of the clavicle?
The clavicle has a medullary (bone marrow) cavity.
False
What are the two ends of the clavicle called?
Medial (sternal) end and lateral (acromial) end
The clavicle articulates with the sternum to form the __________ joint.
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Match the functions of the clavicle to their descriptions:
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Which part of the clavicle is the weakest and most prone to fractures?
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Fractures of the clavicle can occur during childbirth.
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What type of bone is the scapula?
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The costal surface of the scapula forms the large __________ fossa.
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Which tubercle is located above the glenoid fossa?
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The lateral border of the scapula is thinner than the medial border.
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Name the four fossae of the scapula.
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The __________ articulates with the head of the humerus to form the gleno-humeral joint.
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Match the following structures of the humerus with their descriptions:
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Which part of the scapula is considered well protected by muscles?
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Fractures of the scapula are quite common due to its exposure.
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What bones does the scapula articulate with?
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The __________ fossa is found on the anterior side of the scapula.
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How many angles does the scapula have?
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What is the primary shape characteristic of the shaft of the metacarpals?
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The bases of the phalanges articulate with the heads of the metacarpals.
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How many phalanges are there in each hand?
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The head of the first metacarpal is _____ than the heads of the other metacarpals.
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Match the fractures to their descriptions:
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Which joint is formed by the head of the metacarpals articulating with the proximal phalanges?
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When the body is in the correct anatomical position, which statement is correct?
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Bruce's gallbladder problems cause him pain in the right lumbar region.
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Where does Bruce feel pain due to his gallbladder problems?
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The __ peritoneum surrounds organs and the __ peritoneum lines the __.
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If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened?
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The parietal peritoneum functions to allow organs to slide across each other.
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Which type of section would separate the body down the midline between the eyes?
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An incision in the right upper quadrant would typically affect the __.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What are the two primary regions mentioned in relation to pain caused by gallbladder issues?
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What is the primary function of the intertubercular groove on the humerus?
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The humerus articulates only with the ulna at its distal end.
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What are the names of the two condyles located at the distal end of the humerus?
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The ________ fossa accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during full flexion.
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Match the following parts of the humerus with their descriptions:
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Which surface of the humerus is marked by the deltoid tuberosity?
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The surgical neck of the humerus is the most common site for fractures in younger individuals.
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What type of injury can cause a transverse fracture of the humeral body?
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The body of the humerus has three indistinct borders: the anterior, medial, and ________ borders.
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What is the location of the spiral (radial) groove on the humerus?
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Study Notes
Osteology of the Upper Limb
- Clavicle is a long bone without a medullary cavity.
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Functions:
- Provides support for scapula & upper limb.
- Transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
- Provides attachment for muscles.
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Anatomical Features:
- Two ends: medial (sternal) end, and lateral (acromial) end.
- S-shaped appearance.
- Medial 2/3 of the shaft is convex forward, lateral 1/3 is concave forward.
- Two surfaces: superior surface is smooth, inferior surface is rough.
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Articulation:
- Medial end articulates with the sternum, forming the sternoclavicular joint.
- Lateral end articulates with the acromion of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint.
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Fracture:
- Common fracture site is the junction between the middle and lateral one-thirds.
- Can occur during childbirth, especially in babies with broad shoulders.
- These fractures heal quickly.
Osteology of the Scapula
- Large triangular flat bone, lies between the 2nd-7th ribs.
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Functions:
- Muscle attachment.
- Allows for free movement of the arm.
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Anatomical Features:
- Two surfaces:
- Costal (concave anterior) - forms the subscapular fossa.
- Posterior - divided by the spine into supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.
- Head & neck.
- Glenoid fossa with superior and inferior tubercles (supraglenoid & infraglenoid).
- Three processes: coracoid process, acromion, and spine.
- Three borders: medial (vertebral), lateral (axillary), and superior border.
- Three angles: superior, inferior, and lateral angle.
- Four fossae: subscapular fossa, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa.
- Two surfaces:
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Articulation:
- Acromion articulates with the clavicle, forming the acromioclavicular joint.
- Glenoid fossa articulates with the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint.
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Fracture:
- Not common due to muscle and thoracic wall protection.
- Most common fracture site is the acromion.
Osteology of the Humerus
- Long bone.
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Functions:
- Allows for a wide range of movement.
- Transmits forces down the upper limb.
- Provides attachment for muscles.
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Anatomical Features:
- Proximal end (epiphysis): head, two necks (anatomical & surgical), two tubercles (greater & lesser).
- Shaft (diaphysis).
- Distal end (epiphysis).
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Proximal End:
- Head: hemispherical, smooth, rounded.
- Neck: anatomical neck separates the head from the tubercles. Surgical neck is the narrow part distal to the tubercles.
- Tubercles: Greater tubercle projects laterally, lesser tubercle projects anteriorly. Intertubercular (bicipital) groove separates the tubercles.
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Shaft:
- Cylindrical with three indistinct borders: anterior, medial, and lateral.
- Three surfaces: anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior.
- Deltoid tuberosity on anterolateral surface.
- Spiral (radial) groove crosses the posterior surface obliquely.
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Distal End:
- Expands laterally, forming medial and lateral supracondylar ridges.
- Ridges end as medial and lateral epicondyles (muscle attachment sites).
- Two condyles : capitulum (lateral) and trochlea (medial).
- Three fossae: coronoid fossa, radial fossa, and olecranon fossa.
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Articulation:
- Proximal end (head) articulates with scapula, forming the glenohumeral joint.
- Distal end articulates with ulna and radius, forming the elbow joint.
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Fracture:
- Common fracture site is the surgical neck, especially in older people with osteoporosis.
- Fracture of the greater tubercle can occur in younger people due to a fall on the shoulder while the arm is abducted.
- The humerus body can be fractured by a direct blow to the arm or an indirect injury (falling on an outstretched hand).
- Transverese fracture is a common example.
The Bones of the Hand - Metacarpals
- Long bones.
- Base (proximal): shape varies.
- Shaft (body): slightly curved with a longitudinal palmar concavity.
- Head (distal): smooth and rounded; articulates with the proximal phalanx, forming the metacarpophalangeal joints.
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Articulation:
- Base articulates with carpal bones, forming the carpometacarpal joint.
- Head articulates with the proximal phalanx, forming the metacarpophalangeal joints.
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Fracture:
- Neck of the 1st and 2nd metacarpal - Boxer's fracture.
- Heal rapidly due to good blood supply.
- Crushing injury of the hand - multiple metacarpal fractures - leads to instability of the hand.
The Bones of the Hand - Phalanges
- Fourteen (14) long bones.
- Three (3) for each finger (2nd to 5th digits), two for the thumb (1st digit).
- Phalanges of the thumb are shorter and broader.
- Base (proximal): concave oval; articulates with the head of the metacarpal.
- Shaft (body): curved, convex dorsally.
- Head (distal): rounded, articulate with the base of the next phalanx.
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Fracture:
- Crushing injury - painful due to developed sensation.
- Fracture of the distal phalanx is usually commuted and painful, hematoma develops.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the clavicle and scapula in this quiz. Explore their functions, relationships with other bones, and common injuries. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of human anatomy.
