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Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Nervous System
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Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

  • Regulates emotional responses
  • Processes sensory information
  • Facilitates fine motor movements (correct)
  • Controls cognitive planning

    • Which structure serves as the bridge between the cerebellum and the brain?

  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Pons (correct)
  • Forebrain
  • Hindbrain

    • Which part of the brain is responsible for logical reasoning and numerical processing?

  • Midbrain
  • Right hemisphere
  • Forebrain
  • Left hemisphere (correct)

    • What characterizes the white matter in the central nervous system?

    <p>Comprises myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which development sequence is correct according to brain evolution?

    <p>Caudal parts remain unchanged while cranial parts expand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional functions are associated with the mammalian brain?

    <p>Complex emotions including love and empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex actions are described as intersegmental?

    <p>Reflex actions involving multiple nerves simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the forebrain in human brain development?

    <p>It evolves into the telecephalon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain primarily processes visual stimuli?

    <p>Superior Colliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the supplementary motor area?

    <p>Coordinating voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is mainly responsible for involuntary and automatic movements?

    <p>Extrapyramidal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures connect the two hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Serat Komissura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is largely responsible for sensory processing?

    <p>Somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dimorphic sexual' imply regarding brain structure?

    <p>There are physical differences between male and female brains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain does the central sulcus separate?

    <p>Frontal and parietal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Betz cells found in the primary motor cortex?

    <p>Controlling muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendrites in the nervous system?

    <p>They receive stimuli and transmit them to the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of myelin?

    <p>It increases the speed of nerve signal transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures surround an axon in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla spinalis in the nervous system?

    <p>To serve as a communication pathway between the brain and the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct feature characterizes the Nodus Ranvier?

    <p>It represents a gap between myelin sheaths along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning neuron response is true?

    <p>Neurons integrate all sensory information before generating a coordinated response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best explains 'conductivity' in the context of neuron function?

    <p>The ability to transmit electrical impulses along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating oxytocin?

    <p>Nuclei Paraventricularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in the process of long-term memory formation?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Thalamus within the central nervous system?

    <p>Relays sensory impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of the limbic system is associated with fear processing?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating the release of hormones to the pituitary gland?

    <p>Pars Tuberalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does olfactory sensory input first interact with the brain?

    <p>Olfactory Bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure helps maintain sensory integrity and consciousness within the brain?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Mammilary Body play in the brain?

    <p>Formation of memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in reflex actions?

    <p>They connect sensory and motor pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lateral corticospinal tract primarily control?

    <p>Voluntary motor control of limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'decussation of pyramids' refer to?

    <p>The crossover of motor pathways from left to right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the dermatome T4?

    <p>It is located at the height of the mammary papilla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the sensory information processed before reaching the sensory cortex?

    <p>It is first transmitted to the thalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from a stroke in the right hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>Weakness in the left side of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervical plexus?

    <p>To provide sensation to the arms and neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in the knee-jerk reflex?

    <p>Spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Nervous System

    • Central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, surrounded by oligodendroglia.
    • Myelin sheath covers most axons, enhancing signal transmission; exceptions include the Nodes of Ranvier.
    • Dendrites receive stimuli and relay them to the cell body, leading to an axon response.
    • Two main features of neurons include:
      • Irritability/Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
      • Conductivity: Capacity to transmit signals.

    Structure of Neurons

    • Neurons consist of:
      • Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and organelles.
      • Axon: Transmits impulses away from the cell body to axon terminals.
    • Myelin sheaths are formed by Schwann cells, wrapped in endoneurium.
    • Bundles of endoneurium create fascicles, surrounded by perineurium.
    • Fascicles are enclosed in epineurium, forming peripheral nerves.

    Brain Organization

    • Human brain divides into five major components:
      • Forebrain
      • Midbrain
      • Hindbrain
      • Spinal Cord
    • The forebrain develops significantly, covering other brain parts and becoming telecephalon.

    Subcortical Structures

    • Basal Ganglia: Composed of lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, and claustrum; involved in smooth movement control.
    • Medulla Oblongata: Connects brain to spinal cord; regulates essential bodily functions.
    • Lateralization of brain functions occurs:
      • Left Hemisphere: Language, logic, detail-oriented tasks.
      • Right Hemisphere: Creativity, music, and emotional processes.

    Cortical Structures and Motor Systems

    • Primary Motor Cortex: Located at the precentral gyrus; controls voluntary motor functions.
    • Involvement of supplementary areas and premotor cortex in complex movements.
    • Pyramidal System: Controls voluntary, skilled movements; includes corticospinal tract.
    • Extrapyramidal System: Manages involuntary actions and muscle tone.

    Autonomic Functions

    • Hypothalamus: Regulates autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep.
    • Structured into:
      • Pars Supraoptica: Involved in hormone production (oxytocin, ADH).
      • Pars Tuberalis: Regulates pituitary hormones.
      • Pars Mamilaris: Associated with memory formation.

    Limbic System

    • Involves emotion, motivation, and memory.
    • Key structures include:
      • Amygdala: Associated with fear and reward processing.
      • Hippocampus: Crucial for long-term memory and spatial navigation.

    Integration and Reflex Pathways

    • Sensory input is processed at various levels, including spinal reflexes that do not require brain input.
    • Sensory pathways travel through the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex.
    • Dorsal roots handle sensory functions, while ventral roots manage motor functions.

    Blood Supply and Dermatomes

    • Circle of Willis is a critical structure in the brain's blood supply.
    • Dermatomes map the body areas related to specific spinal nerves, important for clinical assessments such as lumbar punctures.

    Summary of Peripheral Plexuses

    • Brachial Plexus: Supplies the arms.
    • Lumbar Plexus: Innervates the anterior thigh.
    • Sacral Plexus: Extends to the lower extremities.

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    Related Documents

    LECTURE 2 - Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Nervous System.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the central and peripheral nervous system, focusing on the roles of oligodendroglia and the significance of myelin in nerve function. It includes detailed discussions on the structure and function of various nervous system components, including dendrites and Nodus Ranvier. Test your knowledge and understanding of these crucial neurological structures.

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