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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
- Regulates emotional responses
- Processes sensory information
- Facilitates fine motor movements (correct)
- Controls cognitive planning
Which structure serves as the bridge between the cerebellum and the brain?
Which structure serves as the bridge between the cerebellum and the brain?
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons (correct)
- Forebrain
- Hindbrain
Which part of the brain is responsible for logical reasoning and numerical processing?
Which part of the brain is responsible for logical reasoning and numerical processing?
- Midbrain
- Right hemisphere
- Forebrain
- Left hemisphere (correct)
What characterizes the white matter in the central nervous system?
What characterizes the white matter in the central nervous system?
Which development sequence is correct according to brain evolution?
Which development sequence is correct according to brain evolution?
What emotional functions are associated with the mammalian brain?
What emotional functions are associated with the mammalian brain?
What type of reflex actions are described as intersegmental?
What type of reflex actions are described as intersegmental?
What is the role of the forebrain in human brain development?
What is the role of the forebrain in human brain development?
Which part of the brain primarily processes visual stimuli?
Which part of the brain primarily processes visual stimuli?
What is the main role of the supplementary motor area?
What is the main role of the supplementary motor area?
Which system is mainly responsible for involuntary and automatic movements?
Which system is mainly responsible for involuntary and automatic movements?
What structures connect the two hemispheres of the brain?
What structures connect the two hemispheres of the brain?
Which area is largely responsible for sensory processing?
Which area is largely responsible for sensory processing?
What does the term 'dimorphic sexual' imply regarding brain structure?
What does the term 'dimorphic sexual' imply regarding brain structure?
Which part of the brain does the central sulcus separate?
Which part of the brain does the central sulcus separate?
What is the primary function of Betz cells found in the primary motor cortex?
What is the primary function of Betz cells found in the primary motor cortex?
What is the role of dendrites in the nervous system?
What is the role of dendrites in the nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of myelin?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of myelin?
Which structures surround an axon in the peripheral nervous system?
Which structures surround an axon in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary function of the medulla spinalis in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the medulla spinalis in the nervous system?
What distinct feature characterizes the Nodus Ranvier?
What distinct feature characterizes the Nodus Ranvier?
Which of the following statements concerning neuron response is true?
Which of the following statements concerning neuron response is true?
What best explains 'conductivity' in the context of neuron function?
What best explains 'conductivity' in the context of neuron function?
Which cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
Which cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating oxytocin?
Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating oxytocin?
Which structure is primarily involved in the process of long-term memory formation?
Which structure is primarily involved in the process of long-term memory formation?
What is the primary function of the Thalamus within the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of the Thalamus within the central nervous system?
Which of the following components of the limbic system is associated with fear processing?
Which of the following components of the limbic system is associated with fear processing?
Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating the release of hormones to the pituitary gland?
Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating the release of hormones to the pituitary gland?
Where does olfactory sensory input first interact with the brain?
Where does olfactory sensory input first interact with the brain?
Which structure helps maintain sensory integrity and consciousness within the brain?
Which structure helps maintain sensory integrity and consciousness within the brain?
What role does the Mammilary Body play in the brain?
What role does the Mammilary Body play in the brain?
What is the role of interneurons in reflex actions?
What is the role of interneurons in reflex actions?
What does the lateral corticospinal tract primarily control?
What does the lateral corticospinal tract primarily control?
What does the term 'decussation of pyramids' refer to?
What does the term 'decussation of pyramids' refer to?
What is the significance of the dermatome T4?
What is the significance of the dermatome T4?
How is the sensory information processed before reaching the sensory cortex?
How is the sensory information processed before reaching the sensory cortex?
What results from a stroke in the right hemisphere of the brain?
What results from a stroke in the right hemisphere of the brain?
What is the primary function of the cervical plexus?
What is the primary function of the cervical plexus?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in the knee-jerk reflex?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in the knee-jerk reflex?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Nervous System
- Central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, surrounded by oligodendroglia.
- Myelin sheath covers most axons, enhancing signal transmission; exceptions include the Nodes of Ranvier.
- Dendrites receive stimuli and relay them to the cell body, leading to an axon response.
- Two main features of neurons include:
- Irritability/Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
- Conductivity: Capacity to transmit signals.
Structure of Neurons
- Neurons consist of:
- Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and organelles.
- Axon: Transmits impulses away from the cell body to axon terminals.
- Myelin sheaths are formed by Schwann cells, wrapped in endoneurium.
- Bundles of endoneurium create fascicles, surrounded by perineurium.
- Fascicles are enclosed in epineurium, forming peripheral nerves.
Brain Organization
- Human brain divides into five major components:
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
- Spinal Cord
- The forebrain develops significantly, covering other brain parts and becoming telecephalon.
Subcortical Structures
- Basal Ganglia: Composed of lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, and claustrum; involved in smooth movement control.
- Medulla Oblongata: Connects brain to spinal cord; regulates essential bodily functions.
- Lateralization of brain functions occurs:
- Left Hemisphere: Language, logic, detail-oriented tasks.
- Right Hemisphere: Creativity, music, and emotional processes.
Cortical Structures and Motor Systems
- Primary Motor Cortex: Located at the precentral gyrus; controls voluntary motor functions.
- Involvement of supplementary areas and premotor cortex in complex movements.
- Pyramidal System: Controls voluntary, skilled movements; includes corticospinal tract.
- Extrapyramidal System: Manages involuntary actions and muscle tone.
Autonomic Functions
- Hypothalamus: Regulates autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep.
- Structured into:
- Pars Supraoptica: Involved in hormone production (oxytocin, ADH).
- Pars Tuberalis: Regulates pituitary hormones.
- Pars Mamilaris: Associated with memory formation.
Limbic System
- Involves emotion, motivation, and memory.
- Key structures include:
- Amygdala: Associated with fear and reward processing.
- Hippocampus: Crucial for long-term memory and spatial navigation.
Integration and Reflex Pathways
- Sensory input is processed at various levels, including spinal reflexes that do not require brain input.
- Sensory pathways travel through the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex.
- Dorsal roots handle sensory functions, while ventral roots manage motor functions.
Blood Supply and Dermatomes
- Circle of Willis is a critical structure in the brain's blood supply.
- Dermatomes map the body areas related to specific spinal nerves, important for clinical assessments such as lumbar punctures.
Summary of Peripheral Plexuses
- Brachial Plexus: Supplies the arms.
- Lumbar Plexus: Innervates the anterior thigh.
- Sacral Plexus: Extends to the lower extremities.
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