Anatomy of Alveoli Diagram Labeling

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Questions and Answers

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of a gas in a closed container is halved, what happens to the pressure?

It doubles. (correct)

It stays the same.

It is halved.

It becomes zero.

What is the primary difference between ventilation and respiration?

Ventilation occurs only during exercise, while respiration occurs all the time.

Ventilation occurs in the lungs, while respiration occurs in the heart.

Ventilation involves gas exchange, while respiration involves air movement.

Ventilation involves air movement, while respiration involves gas exchange. (correct)

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange?

Diffusion distance

Temperature of the gas (correct)

Partial pressure difference of the gases

Surface area available for gas exchange

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is dissolved in the plasma as a gas?

7% Signup and view all the answers

What is the form in which the majority of CO2 is transported in the blood?

As carbonic acid, later dissociating into bicarbonate and protons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin?

Partial pressure of O2 (PO2) Signup and view all the answers

Where does external respiration occur?

In the pulmonary capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT directly involved in the control of respiration?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Type I alveolar cells?

Participate in gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the bronchial tree mucosa is responsible for secreting mucus?

Epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT found within a pulmonary lobule?

Primary bronchus Signup and view all the answers

How do cilia function in the lower respiratory tract?

Move mucus and trapped particles up toward the larynx Signup and view all the answers

At what branching point do respiratory bronchioles begin and mark the start of the respiratory zone?

Terminal bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for secreting surfactant in the alveoli?

Type II alveolar cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical structural change in the bronchial tree?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epithelium as respiratory bronchioles give way to alveolar ducts?

Changes to simple squamous Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is located within the thorax?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the lower respiratory tract?

Nose Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a part of the conducting zone?

Terminal bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure directly follows the trachea in the respiratory tract?

Primary (1°) Bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the respiratory zone?

Site of gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the internal nose?

Septum Signup and view all the answers

The trachea is located:

Anterior to the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

The larynx is also known as the:

Voice box Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of pulmonary arteries?

They carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs for oxygenation. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell within the alveoli is responsible for gas exchange?

Type I alveolar (septal) cell Signup and view all the answers

What does the pleural cavity contain?

Interpleural fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the surfactant in the alveoli?

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse Signup and view all the answers

Where does the bronchial artery deliver oxygenated blood?

Muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not part of the respiratory membrane in the alveoli?

Elastic fiber Signup and view all the answers

What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

Oblique fissure Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is adjacent to the pleural cavity on the right side?

Right lung Signup and view all the answers

What causes vasoconstriction in the lungs during hypoxia?

To divert blood from poorly ventilated areas to well-ventilated regions Signup and view all the answers

During pulmonary ventilation, which factor does not significantly influence the effort required for breathing?

Bronchial artery pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alveoli

The alveolus is the site of gas exchange, where CO2 is diffused out and O2 is diffused into the blood.
Type I alveolar cells are simple squamous epithelial cells that form the site of gas exchange.
Type II alveolar cells are cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces surface tension.
Alveolar macrophages remove dust and debris from the alveoli.
Fibroblasts produce reticular and elastic fibers that provide structural support to the alveoli.

Pleura and Pleural Cavity

The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.
The visceral pleura is the inner layer that adheres to the lungs, while the parietal pleura is the outer layer that lines the thoracic cavity.
The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which contains a small amount of fluid that reduces friction between the two layers.

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity.
The apex is the top of the lung, while the base is the bottom.
The superior, middle, and inferior lobes are separated by the oblique and horizontal fissures.
The cardiac notch is a indentation on the surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

Lung Blood Supply

The lungs receive blood from two sets of arteries: pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Bronchial arteries branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs, primarily perfusing the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles.

Respiration

Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli, consisting of inhalation and exhalation.
External respiration is the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the systemic capillaries and the tissues.

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

Blood flow to each area of the lungs matches the extent of airflow to the alveoli in that area.
In response to hypoxia, vasoconstriction diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well-ventilated regions.

Volume-Pressure Relationship

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (Boyle's Law).

CO2 Transport

CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in the plasma, converted into carbonic acid, and attached to hemoglobin (Hb).

O2 Transport

O2 is transported in the blood attached to hemoglobin (Hb) and dissolved in the plasma.
The most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).

Control of Respiration

The medulla oblongata, carotid body, and aortic bodies are responsible for controlling respiration.
The respiratory center in the brain stem responds to changes in PO2 and PCO2 to maintain homeostasis.

Trachea and Bronchial Tree

The trachea is a semi-rigid pipe made of cartilaginous rings that divides into the right and left primary bronchi.
The bronchial tree is composed of 4 layers: mucous-secreting epithelium, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia.

Pulmonary Lobule

The pulmonary lobule is a functional unit of the lung that contains a lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, and terminal bronchiole.
Respiratory bronchioles give way to alveolar ducts, which are lined with simple squamous epithelium.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The respiratory system has two functional zones: the conducting zone, which brings air to the site of external respiration, and the respiratory zone, which is the site of gas exchange.

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Description

Identify the different components of an alveolus, including cells, membranes, and fibers, in a labeled diagram. Test your knowledge of respiratory anatomy!