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Questions and Answers
The ______ is the passage reinforced by cartilage rings through which air reaches the bronchial tubes.
The ______ is the passage reinforced by cartilage rings through which air reaches the bronchial tubes.
trachea
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with ______ and dispose of carbon dioxide.
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with ______ and dispose of carbon dioxide.
oxygen
The upper respiratory system includes structures from the nose to the ______.
The upper respiratory system includes structures from the nose to the ______.
larynx
The nose provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, and filters and cleans inspired ______.
The nose provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, and filters and cleans inspired ______.
The Latin word alveus means a hollow or a ______.
The Latin word alveus means a hollow or a ______.
The cavity of the nose is divided by a midline ______.
The cavity of the nose is divided by a midline ______.
The small patch of olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity contains smell receptors in its olfactory ______.
The small patch of olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity contains smell receptors in its olfactory ______.
The almond-like appearance of lymphoid tissue is represented by the combining forms ______ and TONSILL-.
The almond-like appearance of lymphoid tissue is represented by the combining forms ______ and TONSILL-.
The ______ is a hollow tube that leads air to the lungs.
The ______ is a hollow tube that leads air to the lungs.
The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the ______.
The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the ______.
The glottis is a slit between the true vocal ______.
The glottis is a slit between the true vocal ______.
The respiratory ______ lines most of the nasal cavity.
The respiratory ______ lines most of the nasal cavity.
In the human respiratory system, there are three lobes on the right and two on the ______ lung.
In the human respiratory system, there are three lobes on the right and two on the ______ lung.
The pleura is a serous membrane encasing the lungs, lining the thoracic ______.
The pleura is a serous membrane encasing the lungs, lining the thoracic ______.
The thorax is the body ______ between the base of the neck and the diaphragm.
The thorax is the body ______ between the base of the neck and the diaphragm.
The term 'thoracoscopy' refers to the visual investigation of the ______.
The term 'thoracoscopy' refers to the visual investigation of the ______.
The respiratory mucosa mainly consists of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar ______.
The respiratory mucosa mainly consists of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar ______.
The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of ______ sinuses.
The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of ______ sinuses.
The funnel-shaped structure connecting the nasal cavity and mouth is called the ______.
The funnel-shaped structure connecting the nasal cavity and mouth is called the ______.
The ______ zone is responsible for the transportation of air for gas exchange.
The ______ zone is responsible for the transportation of air for gas exchange.
Gas exchange occurs primarily in the ______ zone.
Gas exchange occurs primarily in the ______ zone.
The ______ descends from the larynx through the neck into the mediastinum.
The ______ descends from the larynx through the neck into the mediastinum.
At the midthorax, the trachea divides into two main ______.
At the midthorax, the trachea divides into two main ______.
The area in contact with the ribs of the lung is called the ______ surface.
The area in contact with the ribs of the lung is called the ______ surface.
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- Comprises the upper respiratory tract (nose to larynx) and lower respiratory tract (larynx onwards).
- Main function is to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through four processes known as respiration.
Key Structures and Functions
-
Nose
- Visible external part and serves multiple functions: airway for respiration, warms and moistens air, filters inspired air, resonates speech, houses olfactory receptors.
- Divided into external nose and internal nasal cavity with features including the root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex.
-
Nasal Cavity
- Entry through nostrils (nares) and divided by a midline septum (septal cartilage anteriorly, vomer, and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone posteriorly).
- Lined with olfactory mucosa for smell and respiratory mucosa for gas exchange.
- Contains nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior) to increase surface area for air filtration and humidification.
-
Paranasal Sinuses
- Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones, they lighten the skull and assist in air warming and moistening.
- Mucus from sinuses drains into the nasal cavity and can be removed through nose blowing.
Pharynx Regions
- Nasopharynx: Air passage.
- Oropharynx: Allow passage of food and air.
- Laryngopharynx: Passage for food and air, connecting to larynx and esophagus.
Conducting and Respiratory Zones
- Conducting Zone: From nose to bronchioles, transports air.
- Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange involving respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
Larynx
- Extends from the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae, attached to hyoid bone, continues with the trachea.
- Functions include maintaining an open airway, routing air and food, and voice production.
Trachea
- Also known as the windpipe, descends from the larynx into the mediastinum, dividing into two main bronchi at midthorax.
- Composed of several layers with flexible and mobile structure.
Bronchial Tree
- Air passageways in the lungs branch multiple times, forming a structure that facilitates conducting zones.
Lungs
- Cone-shaped and encased in pleura, featuring distinct surfaces:
- Costal Surface: In contact with ribs.
- Diaphragm Surface: In contact with the diaphragm.
- Mediastinal Surface: In contact with other organs.
- Left lung has different structure compared to the right lung, accommodating heart space.
Key Terminology
- Alveoli: Small air sacs in the lungs.
- Tonsillitis: Inflammation of tonsils.
- Bronchiole: Smaller division of bronchial tubes.
- Pleur: Refers to the pleura, a membrane encasing the lungs.
- Trachea: Passage for air reinforced by cartilage.
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