Anatomy Education and Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What influence did European scholars have on modern anatomy education?

They marginalized other cultural contributions.

They heavily influenced the development of anatomy. (correct)

They introduced non-scientific methods.

They eliminated the need for anatomical study.

How were anatomical differences misused in the 19th to 20th centuries?

To legitimize colonialism and slavery. (correct)

To aid in the development of scientific methods.

To promote international collaboration.

To establish the field of genetics.

What is a key aspect of current anatomy education?

Relying exclusively on traditional lecture formats.

Complete disregard for previous anatomical history.

Inclusion of diverse voices and perspectives. (correct)

Focus solely on Eurocentric perspectives.

Which technology is utilized to visualize anatomical structures in modern learning?

3D apps for realistic imaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of including living anatomy in the curriculum?

To link theory with practical musculoskeletal anatomy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using plastinated prosections and models in anatomy education?

They have a long shelf life and highlight structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the lab component in the anatomy curriculum?

To reinforce learning through practical application. Signup and view all the answers

Where will the anatomy lab sessions take place?

University of Toronto Anatomy Lab. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the golden rule of anatomy?

Both structure and function are critical. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the final grade does the Musculoskeletal drawing assignment represent?

35% Signup and view all the answers

When is the due date for the Skeleton drawing assignment?

February 14, 2025 Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the lab session costs?

Lab coat rental and cleaning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assignments is not listed as part of the evaluation methods?

Final project presentation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strict rules associated with lab sessions?

Prohibition of food and drink Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the in-class midterm exam in the overall evaluation?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the lab sessions is accurate?

Lab sessions include both theory and practical components. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of gross anatomy?

Structures visible to the naked eye Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical system involves the study of tissues at a microscopic level?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the axial region from the appendicular region?

Presence of limbs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is NOT part of the human anatomical sciences focus in this content?

Chemical system Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anatomical nomenclature in the field of anatomy?

Provides clear communication and consistency Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does embryology study in the context of human anatomy?

Structures from conception until birth Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical system includes the study of the body's response to external pathogens?

Lymphatic/immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered part of the human body systems mentioned?

Environmental system Signup and view all the answers

What was Plato's view of the body in his teachings on human anatomy?

The body is a vessel. Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient Greek figure is known for conducting dissections of animals to understand anatomy?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Herophilus and Erasistratus make to the field of anatomy?

They primarily focused on the study of diseases through observation. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant limitation of Galen's work in human anatomy?

He primarily dissected Barbary apes instead of humans. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the theory of evolution as described?

To describe how life has diversified Signup and view all the answers

What was one problematic aspect of medical education during Galen's time?

Textbooks were read aloud while barbers performed dissections. Signup and view all the answers

Which historical period saw a shift in anatomical education practices beyond reliance on ancient texts?

Renaissance Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Darwin's presentation in 1858?

His own theory of evolution Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of submitting assignments late?

5% penalty per each day late Signup and view all the answers

What belief did Aristotle share regarding human and animal dissections?

Humans are simply another type of animal. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of evolutionary theory is emphasized in the content?

Evolution is a gradual change over time Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical figure believed that understanding the human body required observing the unseen?

Herophilus Signup and view all the answers

How many questions are to be expected in the final exam?

Up to 60 questions Signup and view all the answers

What is required if accommodations are needed for exams?

Contact the instructor beforehand Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the content, what is a key misunderstanding of the theory of evolution?

It describes how life began Signup and view all the answers

What did common beliefs in Western culture prior to Darwin's theory focus on?

Natural theology and religious faith Signup and view all the answers

Which position describes the body standing upright, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward?

Anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a structure that is closer to the midline of the body?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, what is the opposite of inferior?

Superior Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Frontal plane Signup and view all the answers

What does the term proximal refer to in anatomical orientation?

Closer to the point of attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes movements in the transverse plane?

Rotational movements, like twisting Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the neck region?

Cervical Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a body part that is closer to the surface of the body?

Superficial Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Form & Function: Intro to Anatomy

Course name: SCTM2002 – 501/502
Lecture dates: January 13/14, 2025
Instructor: Marie-Hélène He (she/her)
BHSc, MSc, PhD (C) - Anatomy education
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: 100 McCaul St, Room 328, Mondays 11:30am – 2:30pm (Please email for appointment)

TA Information

TA: Gordon Tran
Email: [email protected]
Contact TA for questions about class content

Course Introduction

Questions from the interactive section:
- Year in school
- Career aspirations
- Reason for taking the course
- Course objectives

Overview

History of human anatomy education
Historical development of evolutionary theory
- Darwin's theory
The human body: Orientations, terminology

History of Human Anatomy Education

Ancient Egypt
- Religion > medicine
- Burial rituals
- Cleansing & dehydrating body
- Organ extractions & dissection
- Mummification
- Stylized & incorrect
Ancient Greece - Plato
- Immortal soul of man
- Body is a vessel
- Theories of the internal body
- Never dissection
Ancient Greece - Aristotle
- Soul seeking
- Animal dissections (man is just another animal)
- Never human dissection
Ancient Greece - Herophilus & Erasistratus
- Vivisected/dissected men seeking truth
- Anatomical structure & knowledge of diseases
- Medicine & truth > religion
- Organ form & function
- Nervous system
Ancient Greece - Galen
- "Prince" of medicine: hundreds of human anatomy dissection guides
- Dissected barbary apes, not humans
- Medical education abandoned; firsthand experience & empirical evidence; professors read textbooks aloud as barbers dissected
Renaissance Period - Vesalius
- 300 errors in Galen's texts
- De humani corporis fabrica dissecting guide with 273+ illustrations
- Pushed for hands-on experience, observable empirical evidence, and scientific principle
- Renaissance anatomists: only true source of anatomical knowledge from dissection and observation of the human structure
- De humani corporis fabrica: On the fabric of the human body
Present Day Anatomy Education
- Multimodal approach incorporating hands-on, experiential learning and avoidant learning approaches
- Observational science – move it & draw it

Academic Plan - Commitment to Decolonization

Anatomy education has roots in Renaissance Era → colonial expansion of European powers
Dissection of indigenous people's bodies without consent
Exploitative and dehumanizing
Present day
- Heavy ethical considerations: informed consent, respect for the deceased, ethical practices applied in dissection

Academic Plan - Commitment to Equity

Eurocentric dominance: Modern anatomy heavily influenced by European scholars & institutions
Racist pseudosciences (19th–20th centuries): Categorization of races based on anatomical differences was used to legitimize colonialism & slavery
Acknowledging this history
Include diverse voices & perspectives in anatomy curricula
Scientific scrutiny, ethical & moral critique, legislation & policy

Our Classroom Lectures

9am start time!
Anatomical foundation
Anatomical vocabulary
Anatomical stories!!!
Video/photos if you'd like

Our Classroom Computer-Based Learning

3D app to visualize highly realistic musculoskeletal anatomy
360° view of the structures
3D Anatomy for the Artist / Essential Anatomy (laptop/phone)
Anatomy learning
SketchFab (https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ecorche-male-musclenames-anatomy-33162ec759e04d2985dbbdf4ec908d66)

Our Classroom Living Anatomy

Movement, self-awareness
Sensory-motor system
Link theory with musculoskeletal anatomy

Our Classroom Plastinated Prosections & Models

Pre-dissected, plastinated specimen & plastic models
Long shelf life
Highlight structures
More anatomical variations

Lab Dates & Sessions

When: (sign-up sheet closer to date – first come first serve)
To be determined
Where: University of Toronto Anatomy Lab: 1 King's College Circle, Room 1136 & 1138 (to be confirmed)
Cost: Covered in tuition, Lab coat rental & cleaning, Prosection fee, Gloves, Time.
Strict rules!!!

Course Objectives

Golden rule of Anatomy: “Structure without a function is a corpse; function without a structure is a ghost.” (Stephen Wainwright)
To increase understanding of what you see in the human form

Evaluation Breakdown

Skeleton drawing assignment: Feb 14, 2025, 25%
In class Midterm exam: Feb 10/11, 2025, 20%
Musculoskeletal drawing assignment: Due after last class, April 7/8, 2025. 35%
Final Exam: April 2025 (TBD), 20%

Assignments

Assignment #1: Detailed skeleton analysis surface anatomy (You will be given list of landmarks to label)
Assignment #2: Analysis of musculoskeletal surface anatomy

Exams

Exams – Closed book – Multiple choice
- Midterm exam: lectures 1–4 (including Joint movement), 40 multiple choice questions, 1.5 hours during lecture time.
- Final exam: All class content, 40-60 multiple choice questions, 2 hours – scheduled by OCADU.

Late Policies & Make-Up Exams

Speak to instructor in advance if accommodations required.
Exams: Medical documentation may be requested.
Assignments: 5% penalty per each day late.

Other

Take a break!
Darwin's Theory: Evolutionary theory's history
- Understanding our evolutionary past to help our understanding of modern anatomic function
- What is the theory of evolution?
- Where did it come from?
  - 1858: Darwin presented his theory of evolution
  - Common beliefs before that: Western culture: Natural theology (the study of religious faith, practice, and experience: the study of God and of God's relation to the world).
  - Who was Darwin?: Medical family, did not persist with medical training, Avid naturalist and geologist, Interested in dog and pigeon breeding, Survey of South America as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in 1831 (age 22)
  - Collected finches and mockingbirds from different islands with variations that related to variations on different islands.
  - Darwin concluded all species descended from other species and that one species arrived on the islands and was altered by conditions to become a different species.
  - Darwin's finches: have beaks for crushing seeds, generalized ground feeders, catch insects.
  - Darwin realized that populations must compete for scarce resources and that individuals with favorable adaptations would have more success and new species would arise.
  - Natural Selection: intrinsic increase in species numbers when individuals with a species are fertile and can grow, Competition for limited resources
  - Species adapt on a daily basis; depending on survival, and what is available for the species.
  - Variation, from mutation, in traits to adapt to conditions -Evolution produces change over a timeframe.
  - Survival of the fittest: Darwin used struggle for existence; survival of the fittest or natural selection?
  - Is evolution nature’s tool to ensure progression to higher forms?
  - Can we see evolution today?: Bacteria resistance, Palmaris longus muscle.
Part 3: The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology
- Anatomy nomenclature (system of names/terms/rules)
- Anatomical Language (clear communication and consistency)
- Gross anatomy (structures seen with the naked eye, including shape, size, function, and location)
- Embryology (prenatal development's structures and organization from conception until birth)
- Neuroanatomy (relationship, organization, and function of the nervous system)
- Histology (microscopic study of tissues and their structures)
- Human Anatomy Systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Lymphatic/immune, Urinary, Reproductive
  - Regional terms: Cervical (neck), Cleido (clavicle), Brachial (arm), Carpal (wrist), Tarsal (ankle), axillary (armpit, pectoral (chest), Costal (ribs), Gluteal (butt), Plantar (sole of foot)
  - Planes of the body: Frontal/Coronal (vertical, divides body anterior/posterior, eg, jumping jacks), Sagittal/Mid sagittal (vertical, divides body left/right, mid-sagittal divides down middle, eg, swinging arms back and forth when walking), Transverse (horizontal, divides body superior/inferior, eg, turning head behind you)
  - Movements: Angular (increase/decrease angle between bones- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction), Rotation (movement around a bone's long axis), Gliding (one bone across surface of another)
  - Special movements: Supination/pronation, Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, Inversion/eversion, Protraction/retraction, Elevation/depression, Opposition.
See you next class
Office hours and email information are provided for questions

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Description

This quiz explores various aspects of modern anatomy education, including its historical influences, current practices, and evaluation methods. It covers key features such as the use of technology in learning, the importance of lab sessions, and specific assignments related to assessment. Test your knowledge on how anatomy education has evolved and its core components.