OCAD University Human Form & Function: Intro to Anatomy Lecture 1 (PDF)

Welcome to Human Form & Function: Intro to Anatomy SCTM2002 – 501/502 Lecture 1 January 13/14, 2025  Lecture 1 Introduction: Anatomy & Art SCTM2002 – 501/502 Lecture 1 January 13/14, 2025 OCAD University is situated on the Treaty lands and territories of the...

Welcome to Human Form & Function: Intro to Anatomy SCTM2002 – 501/502 Lecture 1 January 13/14, 2025  Lecture 1 Introduction: Anatomy & Art SCTM2002 – 501/502 Lecture 1 January 13/14, 2025 OCAD University is situated on the Treaty lands and territories of the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation, as well as the traditional territories of many nations, including the Haudenosaunee and the Huron-Wendat. These are the original owners and custodians of the land on which we stand. Meet your instructor Marie-Hélène He (she/her) BHSc, MSc, PhD (C) - Anatomy education Contact info: Email: [email protected] Office hours: 100 McCaul St, Room 328 Mondays 11:30am – 2:30pm (Please email for appointment) 4 Meet your TA Gordon Tran Contact info: [email protected] Please email if you have any questions regarding class content 5  Who are you? 1. What year are you in? 2. What are your career aspirations? 3. Why are you taking this anatomy course? 4. What do you hope to gain from this course? 6 Make some friends in the class! 7  Overview 1. History human anatomy education How we will learn anatomy Evaluation methods 2. Historical development of Evolutionary Theory Darwin 3. The human body: Orientations, terminology 8 1. History of Human Anatomy Education 9  The Study of Anatomy Anatomy – Greek word 'anatome': to cut/dissect the body Medicine – seeking pathology Anatomical sciences: terminology, structure & function, anatomical normality / variation, pathology relation (clinical relevance). Empirical investigation: Observation & experimentation 10 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Ancient Egypt Religion > medicine Burial rituals Cleansing & dehydrating body Organ extractions & dissection Mummification Stylized & incorrect Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 11 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Ancient Greece - Plato Immortal soul of man Body is a vessel Theories of the internal body Never dissection Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 12 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Ancient Greece - Aristotle Soul seeking Animal dissections (man is just another animal) Never human dissection Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 13 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Ancient Greece - Herophilus & Erasistratus Vivisected/dissected men seeking truth of body’s anatomical structure & knowledge of diseases by seeing the unseen body Medicine & truth > religion Organ form and function Nervous system Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 14 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Ancient Greece – Galen “Prince” of medicine: hundreds of human anatomy dissection guides Dissected barbary apes, not humans Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 15 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Ancient Greece – Galen Medical education abandoned firsthand experience & empirical evidence; professors read textbooks aloud as barbers dissected Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 16 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Renaissance Period - Vesalius 300 errors in Galen’s texts De humani corporis fabrica dissecting guide with 273+ illustrations Pushed for hands on experience, seeing for oneself, observable empirical evidence, and scientific principle Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 17 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Renaissance Period - Vesalius Renaissance anatomists: “only true source of anatomical knowledge was from dissection and observation of the human structure” De humani corporis fabrica On the fabric of the human body Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 18 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Present day anatomy education Anatomy is best taught using a multimodal approach incorporating hands-on, experiential learning and avoidant learning approaches Anatomy is observational science – move it & draw it Ancient Egypt → Ancient Greek → Renaissance → Present day 3100 BC 400 BC 1400s - 1600s 1900s - present 19 1. History of Human Anatomy Education Academic Plan – Commitment to decolonization Anatomy education has roots in Renaissance Era → colonial expansion of European powers Dissection of indigenous people's bodies without consent Exploitative and dehumanizing 20 1. History of Human Anatomy Education Academic Plan – Commitment to decolonization Present day Heavy ethical considerations: Informed consent, respect for the deceased, ethical practices applied especially in dissection 21 1. History of Human Anatomy Education Academic Plan – Commitment to equity Eurocentric dominance: Modern anatomy heavily influenced by European scholars & institutions Racist pseudosciences (19th – 20th centuries) Categorization of races based on anatomical differences was used to legitimize colonialism & slavery 22 1. History of Human Anatomy Education Academic Plan – Commitment to equity Present day Acknowledging this history Include diverse voices and perspectives in anatomy curricula Scientific scrutiny, ethical & moral critique, legislation & policy 23 1. History of Human Anatomy Education  Our classroom Lectures 9am start time! Anatomical foundation Anatomical vocabulary Anatomical STORIES!!!! Video/photos if you'd like 24 1. How we will learn anatomy  Our classroom Computer-based learning 3D app to visualize highly realistic musculoskeletal anatomy 360° view of the structures 25 1. How we will learn anatomy  Our classroom Computer-based learning 3D Anatomy for the Artist / Essential Anatomy (laptop/phone) Anatomy learning SketchFab (https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ecorche-male- musclenames-anatomy-33162ec759e04d2985dbbdf4ec908d66) 26 1. How we will learn anatomy  Our classroom Living anatomy Movement, self-awareness Sensory-motor system Link theory with musculoskeletal anatomy 27 1. How we will learn anatomy  Our classroom Plastinated prosections & models Pre-dissected, plastinated specimen & plastic models Long shelf life Highlight structures More anatomical variations 28 1. How we will learn anatomy  Lab Dates When: (sign-up sheet closer to date – first come first serve) TO BE DETERMINED Where: University of Toronto Anatomy Lab: 1 King's College Circle, Room 1136 & 1138 (to be confirmed) 1. How we will learn anatomy  Lab Sessions Cost: Covered in tuition Lab coat rental & cleaning Prosection fee Gloves Time *Strict rules!!!! 30 1. How we will learn anatomy  Course Objectives Golden rule of Anatomy: “Structure without a function is a corpse; function without a structure is a ghost.” (Stephen Wainwright) To increase understanding of what you see in the human form 31 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Evaluation breakdown Evaluation Due date Weight Skeleton Feb 14, 2025 25% drawing assignment IN CLASS Midterm exam Feb 10/11, 2025 20% Musculoskeletal Due after last class 35% drawing assignment April 7/8, 2025. Final exam April 2025 (TBD) 20% 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Assignment # 1 Assignment #1: Detailed skeleton analysis surface anatomy You will be given list of landmarks to label 33 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Assignment # 1 Assignment #1: Detailed skeleton analysis surface anatomy 34 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Assignment #2 Assignment #2: Analysis of musculoskeletal surface anatomy 35 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Assignment #2 Assignment #2: Analysis of musculoskeletal surface anatomy 36 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Assignment #2 Assignment #2: Analysis of musculoskeletal surface anatomy 37 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Exams – Closed book – Multiple choice Midterm exam: cover content from lectures 1 – 4 (including Joint movement) 40 multiple choice questions 1.5 hours during lecture time Final exam: cover all class content 40-60 multiple choice questions 2 hours – scheduled by OCADU Exam reviews/practice exam before each exam! 38 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams  Late policies & Make up exams Speak to me in advance if you require accommodations Exams: Medical documentation may be requested Assignments: 5% penalty per each day late 39 1. Evaluation methods: Assignments & exams Take a break! 40 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory Understanding our evolutionary past may help our understanding of modern anatomic function What is the theory of evolution? Where did it come from? Thi s Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY. 41  What do you think of when you hear "evolution"? 42 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  What do you think of when you hear "evolution"? Evolution: any change in heritable traits – gradual change over time Theory of evolution doesn’t tell us how life began but helps us understand how life has diversified into the many forms we have today Explains how modern creatures adapt on the daily 43 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Darwin's theory 1858: Darwing presented his theory of evolution Prior to that, common beliefs were: Western culture: Natural theology (the study of religious faith, practice, and experience: the study of God and of God's relation to the world.) 44 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Who was Darwin? Darwin (1809-1882) came from a prosperous medical family, but did not persist with medical training Avid naturalist and geologist Interested in dog and pigeon breeding Embarked on survey of South America as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in 1831 (age 22) Father said "they asked every other naturalist in England, everyone said no" 45 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Darwin's theory The Beagle: became a 5-year voyage (1831-1836) Collected thousands of specimens, sent back to England for examination Collected finches and mockingbirds from different islands Many proved to be distinctly different species, but with possible ancestry to other species. Variations appeared to relate to variations in the conditions at different islands. 46 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Darwin's theory Concluded that all species must descend from other species Darwin theorized that one bird species must have arrived on the Galapagos from the mainland, and had then been altered in some way to eventually become different 47 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Darwin's theory Darwin’s Finches: 1 & 2 have beaks for crushing seeds 3 is a generalized ground feeder 4 catches insects Depending on the opportunities how they can access food 48 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Darwin's theory Darwin realized that populations must compete for scarce resources Individuals with favorable adaptations would compete more successfully and new species could arise if their offsprings had these new adaptations 49 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Intrinsic increase in the numbers of individuals within a species: every species is sufficiently fertile that the population should grow Competition for limited resources = Survival of the few “Natural Selection” was the mechanism that explained the origin and variation of all living Forms. Natural selection does not need a direction, or a Creator 50 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory Darwin (1858) A struggle for existence Variations affect the ability to survive and reproduce Those variant traits that enhance survival and reproduction will be passed on to offspring and will be found in an increasing fraction of the population in each succeeding generation. 51  More about variation Genetic variation comes from the accumulation of genetic mutations MOST mutations are harmful or neutral. Few may be useful… Mutation is completely random, but natural selection is not random if it produces differential reproductive success Depends on reaction to environmental changes at the time, not going to towards pinnacle of existence 52 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  More about variation Most mutations produce genetic changes in traits that already exist. Therefore, evolution builds on existing traits… not quite like X men… Evolution is “a tinkerer not a master engineer” that can only produce “improvement over what came before” Evolution takes many generations… it is difficult to grasp the enormous timeframe! 53 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  "Survival of the fittest" MOST ADAPTABLE Darwin used "struggle for existence" Survival of the fittest?… or natural selection? We don't determine what is fittest --> misapplication "social Darwinism" Nature, environmental changes, climate changes, natural disasters Is evolution nature’s tool to ensure progression to higher forms? More like just adaptations to environmental change, without a direction Is evolution good for you? Evolution just tells us what worked best… until things change. And things always change…. 54 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory  Can we see evolution today? Bacteria resistance Palmaris longus muscle 55 2. Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory Part 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology 56 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology Anatomy Nomenclature: a system of names /terms/rules in a particular field of arts or sciences Anatomical Language Clear communication and consistency Using anatomical directions, regions, and landmarks 57  Human Anatomy Human anatomical sciences are currently taught under the subheadings: Gross anatomy (structures that can be seen with the naked eye, including shape, size, function, and location) Embryology (prenatal development’s structures and organization from conception until birth) Neuroanatomy (relationship, organization, and function of the nervous system) Histology (microscopic study of tissues and their structures). 58 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Human Anatomy Systems This class will focus on: Integumentary system Skeletal system There are so many systems! Muscular system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Nervous system Respiratory system Digestive system Lymphatic/immune system Urinary system Reproductive systems 59 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Gross Human Anatomy Directional terms Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the main axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) Appendicular region – the limbs 60 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  The Anatomical Position Akin to having a 3D compass N,S,E,W… plus up/down Directions, movements, and relationships What are the key features of the anatomical position? stand upright, face forward, legs parallel, arms at either side, palms face forward. 61 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Orientation & Directional Terms Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal) Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Medial vs Lateral 62 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Orientation & Directional Terms Proximal vs Distal (Appendicular region) Superficial (external) vs Deep (internal, “profound”) 63 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Regional Terms Cervical = Neck Axillary = Armpit Cleido = Clavicle Pectoral = Chest Brachial = Arm Costal = Ribs Carpal = Wrist Tarsal = Ankle Gluteal = Butt Plantar = Sole of foot 64 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology Anterior view Posterior view  Planes of the body Frontal / Coronal Plane (Mid) Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane 65 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Frontal / Coronal Plane Direction: Vertical Divides the body: Anterior vs Posterior Movements: Side to side movements Eg: Jumping jacks 66 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Sagittal or MIDsagittal Plane Direction: Vertical Divides the body: Left & right Mid-sagittal plane: if divided down the middle Movements: Front & back movements Eg: Swinging arms back & forth when walking 67 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Transverse Plane Direction: Horizontal Divides the body: Superior & inferior Movements: Rotational/turning movements Eg: turning your head to look behind you 68 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Movements Three basic types of movement 1. Angular movement – movements change the angle between bones 2. Rotation – movement around a bone's long axis 3. Gliding – one bone across the surface of another 69 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Movements Three basic types of movement 1. Angular movement – movements change the angle between bones 2. Rotation – movement around a bone's long axis 3. Gliding – one bone across the surface of another 70 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Angular Movements: Increase or decrease angle between bones Movements involve: Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Circumduction 71 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Angular Movements Flexion Extension Decrease Increase angle angle 72 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Angular Movements Flexion Extension 73 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Angular Movements ABDuction: Away from midline ADDuction: Towards midline Circumduction: Combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. 74 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Rotational Movements Involves turning movement of a bone around its long axis The movement between atlas and axis vertebrae Occurs at the hip and shoulder joints Medial and lateral rotation 75 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Supination – forearm rotates laterally – palm faces anteriorly Pronation – forearm rotates medially – palm faces posteriorly 76 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Dorsiflexion - The top (dorsum) of the foot moves toward the shin Plantarflexion - The toes are pointed downward. 77 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Inversion - The foot (plantar) rolls inward (medial) and the ankle rolls outward (lateral) Eversion – The foot (plantar) rolls outward (lateral) and the ankle rolls inward (medial) 78 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Protraction – non angular movement of jutting out the jaw Retraction – opposite movement to protraction *scapula 79 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Elevation – lifting a body superiorly Depression – moving the elevated part inferiorly *scapula 80 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Opposition – Thumb touches other fingertips (opposite is reposition) Includes thumb abduction/adduction while flexing to touch other fingers. Allows us to grab & manipulate with our hands 81 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Special Movements Crucial evolutionary advantage Evolved ~2.6 million years ago when ancestors began using stone tools more frequently hunt better = high nutrition = more brain development 82 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology  Gliding Movements Flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other Gliding occurs between: Carpals Tarsals Articulate process of vertebrae's 83 3. The Human Body: Orientations & Terminology Conclusion (phew...) 1. History human anatomy education 2. Historical development of Evolutionary Theory 3. The human body: Orientations, terminology 84  See you next class :) Questions? Office hours: Mondays 11:30am – 2:30pm / email for appointment 100 McCaul St. Room 328 Email: [email protected]