Airway Pathophysiology and Laryngeal Reflex
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of septic shock?

  • Circulatory and metabolic dysfunction (correct)
  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Decreased arterial blood pressure only
  • Normal cellular metabolism

    • Which of the following conditions is least likely to contribute to hypovolemic shock?

  • Loss of other fluids
  • Tension pneumothorax (correct)
  • Hemorrhage
  • Severe dehydration

    • What happens during multiple organ failure (MOF) regarding metabolic processes?

  • Increased respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation
  • Increased cellular respiration uniformly across all organs
  • Enhanced aerobic metabolism in cells
  • Decreased oxygen resulting in anaerobic metabolism (correct)

    • Which factor is most responsible for the regulation of systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>Size of arteries that blood passes through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes the immune response triggered by infection?

    <p>It results in systemic immunological over activity and vessel dilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is primarily used for treating laryngospasm in asthmatic patients?

    <p>Salbutamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for a patient experiencing malignant hyperthermia?

    <p>Give Dantrolene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for the management of bradycardia in an emergency situation?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to stabilize arrhythmias associated with shockable ventricular fibrillation?

    <p>Amiodarone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the first step in treating a patient with anaphylaxis?

    <p>Provide 100% Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the management of tachycardia, which of the following medications is used specifically for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is often associated with the treatment of hypotension during a cardiac arrest?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of prolonged laryngospasm?

    <p>Pulmonary Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreased airway saturation have on the body's physiological state?

    <p>Increases risk of acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is primarily responsible for the motor movements to protect the airway?

    <p>Pharyngeal reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the laryngeal reflex is triggered?

    <p>Closure of the glottis during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature differentiates the right bronchus from the left bronchus?

    <p>The right bronchus is shorter and wider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cricoid structure in emergency airway management?

    <p>Preventing esophageal occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the tongue during airway management?

    <p>It can obstruct the airway when muscle tone is suppressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

    <p>Initiating airway reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BURP technique involve during airway management?

    <p>Pressure applied in specific anatomical directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the SA Node in cardiac function?

    <p>It contains autorhythmic cells that initiate the heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wave in the cardiac rhythm represents ventricular repolarization?

    <p>T Wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During depolarization, which ion channels open first in a cardiac cell?

    <p>Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of action potential is characterized by K+ ions exiting the cell?

    <p>Phase 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the PR Interval in cardiac rhythm?

    <p>There is a delay in conducting the impulse through the AV node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding a cardiac cell at rest?

    <p>The resting membrane potential is negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the rapid depolarization of a cardiac cell during phase 0?

    <p>Sodium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological condition is represented by the QT Interval?

    <p>Electrical activity of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the K+ ion movement primarily contribute to repolarization?

    <p>Final repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the AV Node in cardiac conduction?

    <p>It allows the ventricles to fill with blood before contracting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the diaphragm in the respiratory process?

    <p>It contracts to help draw air into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an increase in respiratory resistance?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Excessive lactic acid production due to oxygen deficit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes how the PEEP mechanism functions?

    <p>It allows for longer gas exchange by keeping air in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor best describes compliance in the context of respiratory function?

    <p>The ease with which the lungs expand during inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of having a high surface area in the lungs according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>Enhanced oxygen diffusion capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning technique is likely to improve lower lung ventilation?

    <p>Lateral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do opiates affect the respiratory system?

    <p>They lead to decreased responsiveness to changes in oxygen requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory process?

    <p>It contracts to allow lung expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreased compliance have on the lungs?

    <p>Higher pressure during inflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does positioning affect ventilation, particularly in a lateral position?

    <p>It perfuses the upper lung better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to high resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)?

    <p>To maintain lower alveolar pressure and enhance gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs due to increased lactic acid in the body?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the impact of muscle relaxants on breathing?

    <p>They prevent spontaneous breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adrenaline function in relation to the respiratory system?

    <p>It serves as a bronchodilator at lower doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having an increased surface area in the lungs according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>Lower pressure in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does respiratory acidosis have on the body?

    <p>It results in reduced oxygen capacity of the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Airway Pathophysiology

    • Decreased oxygenation increases the risk of acidosis
    • Difficult airway - difficulty with the use of BMV (bag mask ventilation) and intubation
    • Unable to get a good seal of a mask or endotracheal tube (3 fingers between the larynx and hyoid + thyroid)
    • Cricoid cartilage is a full ring that occludes the esophagus
    • Tongue - significant muscle suppression when paralysed
    • Connected to the mandible by the jaw trust
    • Larynx protects the vocal cords
    • Laryngeal reflex - helps with controlling the swallowing sounds and speech, the cartilages from the sense of touch are connected which may prevent foreign objects from getting into the lungs.
    • The trachea and the esophagus and have different mechanisms for how they work.
    • The epiglottis prevents food from going into the airway.

    Laryngeal Reflex

    • Induced by sensory vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves
    • Causes muscle contraction to eliminate foreign objects
    • Stimulates the cough, airway, and cardiac reflexes which may be stimulated by gagging
    • Prevents food or other objects from going into the airway.

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    Description

    Explore the critical concepts of airway pathophysiology and the laryngeal reflex. This quiz covers topics such as decreased oxygenation, difficult airway management, and the physiological responses triggered by sensory nerve stimulation. Test your understanding of these vital medical principles.

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