Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases and Asthma

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Questions and Answers

Match the following asthma triggers with their respective categories:

Allergens = Environmental triggers Exercise = Physical triggers Cold, dry air = Weather-related triggers Medications and food additives = Chemical triggers

Match the following types of asthma responses with their characteristics:

Early phase response = Immediate airway constriction Late phase response = Inflammatory cell infiltration Chronic inflammation = Persistent airway obstruction Hyper-responsiveness = Increased sensitivity of airways

Match the following medication types to their functions in asthma management:

Corticosteroids = Anti-inflammatory agents β2-adrenergic agonists = Bronchodilators Antileukotrienes = Reduce inflammation Methylxanthines = Relieve bronchospasm

Match the following clinical manifestations of asthma with their descriptions:

Wheezing = High-pitched sound during breathing Dyspnea = Shortness of breath Cough = Persistent airway irritation Chest tightness = Pressure or constricted feeling in chest Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) with their definitions:

Airflow limitation = Persistent reduction in air movement Chronic inflammation = Prolonged immune response in airways Smoking-related = Primary cause of COPD development Progressive condition = Worsening lung function over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of asthma control with their implications:

Severe acute asthma = Immediate medical attention required Life-threatening asthma = Critical condition requiring emergency care Variable airflow obstruction = Inconsistent respiratory function Chronic management = Ongoing treatment strategy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their relevance in asthma pathophysiology:

Eosinophils = Inflammatory cells involved in asthma Neutrophils = White blood cells responding to inflammation Bronchial smooth muscle contraction = Narrowing of airways during an attack Airway hyper-responsiveness = Increased sensitivity to triggers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following objectives of asthma management with their descriptions:

Control symptoms = Minimize frequency of attacks Prevent exacerbations = Avoid triggers and complications Improve lung function = Enhance respiratory efficiency Education = Empower patients with knowledge and skills Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles of healthcare professionals in the management of asthma with their responsibilities:

Nurses = Monitor patient status and education Respiratory therapists = Manage breathing treatments Pharmacists = Provide medication guidance Physicians = Diagnose and develop treatment plans Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their descriptions:

Dyspnea = Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath Insidious onset = Symptoms developing gradually over time Activity limitations = Restrictions in physical activities due to symptoms Progressive = Symptoms worsening over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of COPD with their descriptions:

Tobacco smoke = A major risk factor for lung diseases Occupational chemicals = Substances that may be inhaled due to work Infection = Diseases that can exacerbate lung conditions Aging = Increase in risk as one grows older Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pathophysiological effects of COPD with their characteristics:

Airflow limitation = Reduced ability to breathe out air Mucus hypersecretion = Excessive mucus production in airways Pulmonary hypertension = High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries Gas exchange abnormalities = Impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classifications of COPD severity with their descriptors:

Mild = Minimal symptoms and slight impairment Moderate = Notable symptoms with some limitations Severe = Significant symptoms affecting daily activities Very severe = Extreme symptoms with respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following complications of COPD with their implications:

Cor pulmonale = Right heart failure due to lung issues Acute exacerbations = Sudden worsening of symptoms Acute respiratory failure = Inability to maintain adequate gas exchange Depression and anxiety = Mental health conditions exacerbated by chronic illness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptors of chronic bronchitis and emphysema with their characteristics:

Chronic bronchitis = Persistent cough with mucus production Emphysema = Destruction of alveoli and reduced gas exchange Airway inflammation = Common feature in both conditions Mucus accumulation = Leads to airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to COPD with their correct explanations:

Dyspnea = Breathlessness experienced during normal activities Chronic inflammation = Long-lasting swelling and irritation in the lungs Lung parenchyma = Functional tissue of the lung Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical terms used in the definition of COPD with their meanings:

Chronic bronchitis = Condition characterized by cough and mucus for at least three months Emphysema = Lung condition causing shortness of breath due to alveolar damage COPD = A progressive disease that obstructs airflow Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory conditions with their respective characteristics:

Asthma = Reversible airway obstruction, often triggered by allergens COPD = Irreversible airflow limitation, typically caused by long-term exposure to irritants Bronchiectasis = Persistent dilation of bronchi leading to chronic infection Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

The most common types of chronic lung diseases
Characterized by increased airflow resistance due to airway obstruction
Include asthma and COPD

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
Airway responsiveness depends on the degree of inflammation
Triggers of asthma attacks include:
- Allergens
- Exercise
- Respiratory infections
- Nose and sinus problems
- Medications and food additives
- Cold, dry air
- Stress
- Hormones
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Occupational exposure

Asthma: Pathophysiology

Hallmarks of asthma:
- Airway inflammation
- Airway hyper-responsiveness
Types of asthmatic responses:
- Early phase response
- Late phase response
Late phase response:
- More severe than the early-phase response
- Characterized by inflammation
- Inflammation involves eosinophils and neutrophils which infiltrate the airways

Asthma: Clinical Manifestations

Characteristic clinical manifestations of asthma include:
- Wheezing
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Sensation of chest tightness
Asthma control and severity can range from mild to severe acute asthma and life-threatening asthma

Asthma Diagnosis

Diagnostic studies for asthma include:
- Symptoms
- Variable airflow obstruction
Asthma management approaches include:
- General management
- Acute asthma exacerbation

Asthma Medications

Relievers and controllers
Anti-inflammatory medications:
- Corticosteroids
- Antileukotrienes
Biological therapies:
- Anti-Immunoglobulin E therapy
Bronchodilators:
- β2-adrenergic agonists: Short-acting and long-acting
- Anticholinergic medications
- Methylxanthines

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A respiratory disorder caused by smoking and characterized by:
- Persistent airflow limitation
- Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and lungs
Symptoms include:
- Dyspnea, difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath
- Limitations in activity
- Insidious onset and progressive nature
Previous COPD terminologies included:
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphysema

COPD: Causes

Tobacco smoke
Occupational chemicals and dust
Infection
Heredity
Aging

COPD: Pathophysiology

Chronic inflammation in the:
- Airways
- Lung parenchyma (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli)
- Pulmonary blood vessels
Characteristics of COPD often include:
- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
Processes contributing to COPD:
- Airflow limitation
- Air trapping
- Gas exchange abnormalities
- Mucus hypersecretion
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Systemic abnormalities

COPD: Classification

COPD classification based on severity, disability, and lung function impairment:
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Very severe

COPD: Complications

Cor pulmonale
Acute exacerbations of COPD
Acute respiratory failure
Depression and anxiety

Cor Pulmonale

Right ventricular hypertrophy or failure due to pulmonary hypertension
Results from long-term pulmonary hypertension caused by COPD
Manifestations include:
- Peripheral edema
- Jugular vein distention
- Hepatomegaly
- Right ventricular heave
- Tricuspid valve regurgitation