Pathophysiology of Asthma and COPD

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements describes the pathophysiology of asthma?

Asthma is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation.

Asthma does not involve mucus secretion.

Asthma involves chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction. (correct)

Asthma is primarily caused by aging.

Cigarette smoking can trigger asthma attacks.

True

What are the expected patient outcomes for asthma in terms of airway management?

Maintain open airway, normal breath sounds and respiratory rate, normal or personal best objective lung function measurements, and participation in activities of daily living (ADLs).

The primary characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is persistent _______ limitation.

airflow Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their characteristics:

Asthma = Reversible airflow limitation with bronchoconstriction COPD = Progressive airflow limitation and chronic inflammation Mucus hypersecretion = Contributes to airway obstruction in asthma Bronchospasm = Narrowing of airways due to muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of asthma?

Episodic and reversible airway obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Airway inflammation in asthma is caused only by allergens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one mechanism that leads to airway obstruction in obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Accumulated secretions, edema, inflammation of the airways, bronchospasm, or destruction of lung tissue. Signup and view all the answers

In asthma, bronchoconstriction is primarily caused by __________ of smooth muscle.

bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

Match the following triggers for asthma attacks with their descriptions:

Allergens = Substances that trigger allergic responses Infections = Pathogens that cause respiratory illnesses Irritants = Environmental factors that provoke airway constriction Exercise = Physical activity that may induce breathing difficulty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of COPD?

Wheezing Signup and view all the answers

Barrel chest is a characteristic feature of COPD.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment goal in managing COPD symptoms?

To alleviate breathlessness and reduce the frequency of exacerbations. Signup and view all the answers

A patient with COPD may experience an increased work of breathing due to __________.

air trapping Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications to their types used in COPD management:

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists = Bronchodilator therapy Corticosteroids = Anti-inflammatory therapy Antibiotics = Infection treatment NSAIDs = Pain relief Signup and view all the answers

What best describes cor pulmonale in relation to COPD?

Hypertrophy of the right side of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Pursed lip breathing can help patients with COPD by prolonging expiration.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant complication that can arise due to worsening COPD?

Acute respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

The use of _________ muscles signifies advanced respiratory distress in COPD patients.

accessory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions is NOT used in the management of COPD?

Weight gain medication Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of asthma's early phase response?

Bronchial smooth muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

The late phase response of asthma peaks 15-30 minutes after exposure to a trigger.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two inflammatory cells involved in asthma.

Eosinophils and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Increased vascular permeability in asthma leads to __________ formation.

edema Signup and view all the answers

Match the following asthma characteristics with their descriptions:

Early phase response = Peaks within 30-90 minutes after exposure Late phase response = Inflammation as a primary characteristic Bronchospasm = Caused by bronchial smooth muscle contraction Mucus secretion = Can lead to shortness of breath and coughing Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the expected patient outcomes for asthma management?

Maintain open airway Signup and view all the answers

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be fully reversed with treatment.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one trigger for COPD as mentioned in the content.

Cigarette smoking Signup and view all the answers

The presence of mucosal edema leads to bronchial __________ in COPD patients.

obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Match the following COPD characteristics with their descriptions:

Cigarette smoking = A primary cause of COPD Inflammatory response = Affects lung parenchyma and airways Airflow limitation = Usually progressive and not fully reversible Mucus hypersecretion = Contributes to airflow obstruction in COPD Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of asthma?

Episodic and reversible airway obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Airway obstruction in asthma can only occur due to allergens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that can lead to airway obstruction in obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Accumulated secretions Signup and view all the answers

In asthma, airway hyper-responsiveness is a key feature influenced by exposure to __________.

triggers Signup and view all the answers

Match the airway obstruction causes to their descriptions:

Accumulated secretions = Mucus buildup in airway Edema = Swelling due to inflammation Bronchospasm = Contraction of airway smooth muscle Destruction of lung tissue = Loss of lung function over time Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically the earliest indicator of COPD?

Cough Signup and view all the answers

Cor pulmonale is characterized by the enlargement of the left side of the heart due to COPD.

False Signup and view all the answers

What condition is an acute exacerbation of COPD most commonly caused by?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

The barrel-shaped chest results from impaired _______ function in COPD.

expiration Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of oxygen therapy with their flow rates:

Simple face mask = 6-12L Nasal cannula = 1-6L Nonrebreathing mask = 60-90% Venturi mask = 24%, 28%, 31%, 35%, 40% and 50% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common medication used for bronchodilator therapy in COPD?

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists Signup and view all the answers

Pursed lip breathing can help reduce feelings of breathlessness in COPD patients.

True Signup and view all the answers

List one lifestyle change that can help prevent disease progression in COPD.

Smoking cessation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of interprofessional care for COPD patients?

Prevent disease progression Signup and view all the answers

Common clinical manifestations of COPD include cough, _______ production, and dyspnea.

sputum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a long-acting inhaled beta 2 adrenergic agonist?

Salmeterol Signup and view all the answers

Anticholinergics are used mainly as long-term control medications for asthma.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer?

To ensure proper inhalation technique and increase medication delivery to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

The green zone indicates that a person is ________.

under control Signup and view all the answers

Match the following asthma medications with their types:

Montelukast = Leukotriene modifier Omalizumab = Anti-IgE therapy Prednisone = Oral corticosteroid Ipratropium = Short-acting muscarinic antagonist Signup and view all the answers

Which zone indicates that immediate medical attention is needed for asthma?

Red Zone Signup and view all the answers

Long-acting oral beta 2 adrenergic agonists are intended for quick relief of asthma symptoms.

False Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range indicates that a patient's asthma is in the yellow zone?

50% to 79% of personal best Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common trigger for asthma attacks?

Tobacco smoke Signup and view all the answers

Wheezing can be present in patients with both minor and severe asthma attacks.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of status asthmaticus?

Life-threatening medical emergency Signup and view all the answers

In asthma management, _________ medications are used for immediate relief.

reliever Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical manifestations with their descriptions:

Wheezing = Sound produced during breathing due to narrowed airways Dyspnea = Difficulty in breathing Chest tightness = Sensation of pressure in the chest Coughing = A reflex to clear the airways Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the diagnostic studies used to confirm airflow obstruction in asthma?

Spirometry Signup and view all the answers

Hyperinflation and air trapping of the alveoli is a sign of asthma exacerbation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that can increase work of breathing in asthma.

Mucosal inflammation Signup and view all the answers

In severe cases of asthma, a _______ chest may indicate greatly diminished breath sounds.

silent Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type helps to reduce inflammation in asthma patients?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

Patients with asthma may have no symptoms between attacks.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an asthma action plan?

To provide guidance on managing asthma symptoms and triggers Signup and view all the answers

ABG changes in an asthma patient may indicate ________ and hypercapnia.

hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Match the patterns of asthma medication with their effects:

Reliever medications = Immediate relief of symptoms Controller medications = Prevent asthma attacks Short-acting beta-agonists = Quick bronchodilation Corticosteroids = Reduce airway inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary characteristic of asthma as an obstructive pulmonary disease?

Episodic and reversible airway obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the late-phase response in asthma?

Inflammation of airway tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms can lead to airway obstruction in obstructive pulmonary diseases?

Bronchospasm of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammatory cells play a significant role in asthma pathophysiology during the late-phase response?

Eosinophils and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma?

Exposure to irritants or allergens Signup and view all the answers

What is predominantly released by mast cells when an allergen attaches to IgE receptors in asthma?

Inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

What is the timeline for the peak of the late-phase response after exposure to a trigger?

5-12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What role does airway inflammation play in the pathophysiology of asthma?

It contributes to airway hyper-responsiveness. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with the early-phase response of asthma?

Prolonged cough Signup and view all the answers

In asthma pathophysiology, what is the primary consequence of mast cell degranulation?

Release of histamine and other mediators Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of medication given by inhalation compared to systemic administration?

Fewer systemic adverse events Signup and view all the answers

At what percentage of personal best peak flow is a patient in the 'Red Zone'?

Less than 56% Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is specifically classified as a short-acting muscarinic antagonist?

Ipratropium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates that a patient is in the 'Yellow Zone' regarding asthma control?

50% to 79% of personal best Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of using inhaled medications for asthma?

Oral thrush Signup and view all the answers

What component of asthma medication is exemplified by omalizumab?

Anti-IgE therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the use of beta-2 adrenergic agonists is TRUE?

They can be used as both quick relief and long-term control. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is preferable for ensuring accurate inhaler use by patients?

Using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is essential for a patient with inadequate airway clearance due to asthma?

Administer medication to improve respiratory function Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Progressive airflow limitation that is usually irreversible Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly contributes to the pathophysiological changes in COPD?

Chronic inflammation and tissue destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is one expected objective lung function measurement for a patient effectively managing asthma?

Normal or personal best peak expiratory flow rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the airway obstruction mechanisms in COPD?

Airflow obstruction results from mucosal edema, hypersecretion, and loss of elastic recoil Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of Status Asthmaticus?

Respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following triggers can precipitate an asthma attack?

Specific medications and food additives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to assess airflow obstruction in asthma?

Spirometry Signup and view all the answers

Which medication category includes short-acting inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists?

Reliever medications Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical respiratory rate change during an acute asthma attack?

Prolonged expiration Signup and view all the answers

What type of medical assessment helps monitor oxygen levels and need for intervention in asthma management?

Oximetry Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following manifestations indicates severe airway obstruction in asthma patients?

Silent chest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may vary in an asthma attack?

Intensity of wheezing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of interprofessional care for asthma management?

Identification of triggers and prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic study is NOT typically used for diagnosing asthma?

Electrocardiogram Signup and view all the answers

What changes in breathing mechanics may occur during an asthma episode?

Increased work of breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological factor exacerbating asthma symptoms?

Emotional stress Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of cough in asthma patients?

Can have both gradual or abrupt onset Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physiological change seen in patients with COPD regarding lung shape?

Lung hyperinflation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign that may suggest cor pulmonale in COPD patients?

Edema in the ankles Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary aims of interprofessional care in managing COPD?

Improve exercise tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly used in the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD?

Long-acting theophylline Signup and view all the answers

What breathing technique is beneficial for COPD patients during dyspnea?

Pursed lip breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the clinical manifestations of COPD is FALSE?

Dyspnea is usually mild at first. Signup and view all the answers

What type of oxygen therapy flow rate is typically associated with a Venturi mask?

Variable flow rates (24%-50%) Signup and view all the answers

In COPD management, which medication class is typically prescribed to help alleviate shortness of breath due to bronchospasm?

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary complication associated with acute exacerbations of COPD?

Acute respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of COPD that may significantly impact a patient's posture?

Tripod positioning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 10: NURS 2055: Adult Illness Concepts I

Course is NURS 2055: Adult Illness Concepts I
Specific chapter covered is Chapter 31: Nursing Management of Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Instructor is Ainsley Miller, 2024
Course is offered at Lakehead University

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Most common pulmonary disorder
Characterized by increased airway resistance
Obstruction or narrowing of the airway causes resistance
Airway obstruction results from:
- Accumulated secretions
- Edema
- Inflammation of the airways
- Bronchospasm of smooth muscle
- Destruction of lung tissue
- Combination of the above

Asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway
Key characteristic is episodic and reversible airway obstruction.
Hallmarks are airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness.
Degree of bronchoconstriction is related to airway narrowing, making it harder to breathe.
Asthma has varying degrees of airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness.
Exposure to triggers (infections, allergens) lead to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Asthma - Early Phase Response

Allergens or irritants bind to IgE receptors on mast cells
Mast cells release inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine)
Intense inflammation leads to bronchial smooth muscle constriction.
Increased vasodilation and permeability leads to swelling, and fluid build up
Epithelial damage occurs from the inflammation and chemicals
Peaks within 30-90 minutes of exposure to a trigger
Subsides within another 30-90 minutes.

Asthma - Late Phase Response

Inflammatory cells (eosinophils and neutrophils) infiltrate the airway and release mediators.
Inflammation leads to mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine and other mediators.
This creates a self-sustaining cycle of inflammation.
Airway hyper-responsiveness increases.
Peaks 5-12 hours after exposure to trigger
May last for several hours to days.
Inflammation is the primary characteristic, not bronchial smooth muscle contraction.

Asthma - Key Take Aways

Reduction in airway diameter and increased airway resistance.
Mucosal inflammation.
Bronchial smooth muscle constriction.
Excess mucus production.
Hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle and thickening of basement membrane.
Secretion of tenacious sputum.
Hyperinflation and air trapping in the alveoli.
Increased respiratory work.
Respiratory function problems.
Distribution of ventilation issues.
Difficulty breathing.

Asthma Triggers

Allergens (tobacco, marijuana smoke, nose and sinus conditions, medications, food additives, GERD, genetics)
Air pollutants.
Emotional stress.
Exercise-induced (high-intensity workouts).

Asthma Clinical Manifestations

Unpredictable, episodic, variable attacks.
Wheezing.
Breathlessness (dyspnea).
Sensation of chest tightness.
Coughing.
Gradual or abrupt onset of symptoms.
No symptoms between attacks.
Prolonged expiration (1:3 or 1:4 ratio).
Sitting upright or slightly bent forward using accessory muscles.
Anxiety.
Wheezing can be a sign for severe attacks as well as mild attacks.
Silent chest may indicate severely diminished or absent breaths sounds.

Asthma Status Asthmaticus

Life-threatening medical emergency
Extreme form of acute asthma attack.
Hypoxia, hypercapnia, acute respiratory failure.
Precipitated by viral illnesses, environmental pollutants/allergens, drug allergies, or changes in medication regimen.
Forced exhalation increases intrathoracic pressure.
Hypoxemia and hypocapnia occur as the patient hyperventilates to maintain oxygenation, but they tire and CO2 is retained.

Asthma Diagnostic Studies

Detailed history and physical examination.
Family history of asthma, allergies, and eczema.
Pulmonary function studies (spirometry, peak expiratory flow).
Allergy assessment.
Chest x-rays (may show hyperinflation but not diagnostic for asthma).
Blood tests (eosinophils to assess airway inflammation).
ABGs.
Oximetry to assess oxygen levels.

Asthma Interprofessional Care

Establishing partnerships with patients/families to identify and eliminate triggers.
Patient and family teaching.
Continuous assessment of asthma control and severity.
Appropriate medication (relievers, rescue medications, controllers, maintenance medications).
Asthma action plan.
Regular follow-up.

Categories of Asthma Medications

Relievers (fast acting): Bronchodilators, anticholinergics.
- Short-acting beta-adrenergic agonists (e.g., salbutamol/ventolin).
- Anticholinergics/short-acting muscarinic antagonists (e.g., ipratropium/atrovent
Controllers (long-term): Anti-inflammatory medications.
- Corticosteroids -Leukotriene modifiers
- Anti-IgE -Long-acting beta adrenergic agonists (LABA) -Methylxanthines

Asthma Patient Education

Name, dosage, administration method, frequency, indications, adverse effects, improper use consequences and importance of adherence.
Assess patient's ability to use an inhaler accurately.
Medications are typically via inhalation route
Lower dose needed when using inhalers.
Systemic adverse events/ side effects are reduced when using the inhaler method.
Faster onset of action.
Use of inhaler with spacer/meter dose inhaler

COPD

Preventable disease characterized by persistent and progressive airflow limitation.
Chronic inflammatory response in the airways and lungs leads to damage.
Causes include smoking, noxious particles/gases, occupational chemicals and dusts, infection, heredity, and aging.
Airflow limitations during forced exhalation due to loss of elastic recoil and are not easily reversed.
Mucus hypersecretion, mucosal edema, and bronchospasm are contributors to the airflow limitations

COPD Clinical Manifestations

Suspected when patient presents with cough, sputum production, and dyspnea+ history of smoking.
Intermittent cough is an initial symptom.
Interrupts daily activities due to breathing issues and difficulty performing daily tasks.
Dyspnea usually triggers medical assessment.
Barrel chest.
Use of intercostal or accessory muscles
Prolonged Expiratory phase
Wheezes
Decreased lung sounds
Tripod position
Purse lips when exhaling
Edema is a sign of right-sided heart failure (HF).

COPD Complications

Cor pulmonale (right-sided heart hypertrophy, often with or without heart failure) due to pulmonary hypertension.
Sustained worsening of COPD symptoms during outbreaks can be due to bacterial issues.
Acute respiratory failure (overall decline in lung function, deterioration in health status, and risk of death).
Patients wait too long to reach health care providers when symptoms present as significant acute exacerbation of COPD.
Depression and anxiety are possible experiences.

COPD Interprofessional Care

Prevent disease progression through smoking cessation
Reduce frequency and severity of exacerbations.
Address respiratory symptoms and shortness of breath.
Improve exercise tolerance.
Treat exacerbations and complications of the disease
Improve health status, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality.

COPD Medications

Bronchodilator therapy (Beta 2 adrenergic agonists, anticholinergic medications).
Long-acting theophylline preparations.
Corticosteroids (oral for exacerbations).
NSAIDs.
Antibiotics (for exacerbations with purulent sputum).
Influenza and pneumonia vaccinations.

COPD Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Optimize functional status and quality of life.
Implement aerobic conditioning (upper/lower body).
Teach and utilize breathing exercises (e.g., pursed lip breathing).
Address energy conservation techniques (e.g., huff coughing)
Teach and address nutrition, smoking cessation, and environmental factors.
Provide health promotion, patient education, and self-management strategies.
Offer support and counselling for emotional well-being.

Comparison of COPD and Asthma

Feature	COPD	Asthma
Age at onset	Usually >40 years	Usually <40 years
Smoking history	Usually >10 pack-years	Not causal but can be a trigger
Clinical symptoms	Persistent	Intermittent and variable
Sputum production	Often	Infrequent
Allergies	Infrequent	Often
Spirometry	Findings may improve but never normalize	Findings often normalize
Disease course	Progressive worsening with exacerbations	Stable with exacerbations

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), focusing on their characteristics and patient outcomes related to airway management. Test your knowledge on triggers, expected outcomes, and key features of these respiratory conditions.

Pathophysiology of Asthma and COPD

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements describes the pathophysiology of asthma?

Cigarette smoking can trigger asthma attacks.

What are the expected patient outcomes for asthma in terms of airway management?

The primary characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is persistent _______ limitation.

Match the following conditions with their characteristics:

What is a key characteristic of asthma?

Airway inflammation in asthma is caused only by allergens.

Name one mechanism that leads to airway obstruction in obstructive pulmonary diseases.

In asthma, bronchoconstriction is primarily caused by __________ of smooth muscle.

Match the following triggers for asthma attacks with their descriptions:

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of COPD?

Barrel chest is a characteristic feature of COPD.

What is the primary treatment goal in managing COPD symptoms?

A patient with COPD may experience an increased work of breathing due to __________.

Match the following medications to their types used in COPD management:

What best describes cor pulmonale in relation to COPD?

Pursed lip breathing can help patients with COPD by prolonging expiration.

What is a significant complication that can arise due to worsening COPD?

The use of _________ muscles signifies advanced respiratory distress in COPD patients.

Which of the following interventions is NOT used in the management of COPD?

What is a major characteristic of asthma's early phase response?

The late phase response of asthma peaks 15-30 minutes after exposure to a trigger.

Name two inflammatory cells involved in asthma.

Increased vascular permeability in asthma leads to __________ formation.

Match the following asthma characteristics with their descriptions:

What is one of the expected patient outcomes for asthma management?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be fully reversed with treatment.

Name one trigger for COPD as mentioned in the content.

The presence of mucosal edema leads to bronchial __________ in COPD patients.

Match the following COPD characteristics with their descriptions:

What is the primary characteristic of asthma?

Airway obstruction in asthma can only occur due to allergens.

Name one factor that can lead to airway obstruction in obstructive pulmonary diseases.

In asthma, airway hyper-responsiveness is a key feature influenced by exposure to __________.

Match the airway obstruction causes to their descriptions:

Which symptom is typically the earliest indicator of COPD?

Cor pulmonale is characterized by the enlargement of the left side of the heart due to COPD.

What condition is an acute exacerbation of COPD most commonly caused by?

The barrel-shaped chest results from impaired _______ function in COPD.

Match the following types of oxygen therapy with their flow rates:

Which of the following is a common medication used for bronchodilator therapy in COPD?

Pursed lip breathing can help reduce feelings of breathlessness in COPD patients.

List one lifestyle change that can help prevent disease progression in COPD.

What is one of the primary goals of interprofessional care for COPD patients?

Common clinical manifestations of COPD include cough, _______ production, and dyspnea.

Which of the following medications is a long-acting inhaled beta 2 adrenergic agonist?

Anticholinergics are used mainly as long-term control medications for asthma.

What is the main purpose of using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer?

The green zone indicates that a person is ________.

Match the following asthma medications with their types:

Which zone indicates that immediate medical attention is needed for asthma?

Long-acting oral beta 2 adrenergic agonists are intended for quick relief of asthma symptoms.

What frequency range indicates that a patient's asthma is in the yellow zone?

Which of the following is a common trigger for asthma attacks?

Wheezing can be present in patients with both minor and severe asthma attacks.

What is the primary characteristic of status asthmaticus?

In asthma management, _________ medications are used for immediate relief.

Match the following clinical manifestations with their descriptions:

What is one of the diagnostic studies used to confirm airflow obstruction in asthma?

Hyperinflation and air trapping of the alveoli is a sign of asthma exacerbation.

Name one factor that can increase work of breathing in asthma.

In severe cases of asthma, a _______ chest may indicate greatly diminished breath sounds.

Which medication type helps to reduce inflammation in asthma patients?

Patients with asthma may have no symptoms between attacks.

What is the purpose of an asthma action plan?

ABG changes in an asthma patient may indicate ________ and hypercapnia.

Match the patterns of asthma medication with their effects:

What is one primary characteristic of asthma as an obstructive pulmonary disease?

What is the primary characteristic of the late-phase response in asthma?

Which of the following mechanisms can lead to airway obstruction in obstructive pulmonary diseases?

Which inflammatory cells play a significant role in asthma pathophysiology during the late-phase response?

Which of the following factors contributes to airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma?

What is predominantly released by mast cells when an allergen attaches to IgE receptors in asthma?

What is the timeline for the peak of the late-phase response after exposure to a trigger?

What role does airway inflammation play in the pathophysiology of asthma?

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with the early-phase response of asthma?