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Questions and Answers
Which bacterial disease is associated with a thick, gray pseudomembrane in the pharynx?
Which bacterial disease is associated with a thick, gray pseudomembrane in the pharynx?
What is the primary treatment for Lyme disease?
What is the primary treatment for Lyme disease?
What type of bacteria causes the disease known as whooping cough?
What type of bacteria causes the disease known as whooping cough?
What is one of the first symptoms observed in individuals infected with Yersinia pestis?
What is one of the first symptoms observed in individuals infected with Yersinia pestis?
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Which of the following diseases requires a toxoid immunization?
Which of the following diseases requires a toxoid immunization?
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What is the primary source of botulism in infants?
What is the primary source of botulism in infants?
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Which disease is characterized by muscle cramping, lockjaw, and facial spasms?
Which disease is characterized by muscle cramping, lockjaw, and facial spasms?
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What type of organism is Clostridium difficile primarily associated with?
What type of organism is Clostridium difficile primarily associated with?
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What is the primary reason for higher urinary tract infection rates in women compared to men?
What is the primary reason for higher urinary tract infection rates in women compared to men?
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Which of the following preservation methods primarily uses high temperature to kill spoilage microbes?
Which of the following preservation methods primarily uses high temperature to kill spoilage microbes?
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What type of food-borne illness involves toxin already present in the food?
What type of food-borne illness involves toxin already present in the food?
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Which factor contributes to fungal spoilage of carbohydrates in food?
Which factor contributes to fungal spoilage of carbohydrates in food?
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What is a common characteristic of gram-positive bacteria in the context of high hydrostatic pressure preservation methods?
What is a common characteristic of gram-positive bacteria in the context of high hydrostatic pressure preservation methods?
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Which of the following foods is most likely to undergo lactic acid fermentation?
Which of the following foods is most likely to undergo lactic acid fermentation?
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During the primary metabolite production stage in microbial growth, which compound is predominantly produced?
During the primary metabolite production stage in microbial growth, which compound is predominantly produced?
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What is the purpose of genetically engineering plants in agricultural biotechnology?
What is the purpose of genetically engineering plants in agricultural biotechnology?
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In the context of vaccine development, a key requirement for antigens is that they must be?
In the context of vaccine development, a key requirement for antigens is that they must be?
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What is a challenge associated with hydrogen production as a biofuel?
What is a challenge associated with hydrogen production as a biofuel?
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What compound is used to inhibit microbial growth through low pH?
What compound is used to inhibit microbial growth through low pH?
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The process of distilling spirits involves converting a sour mash into what?
The process of distilling spirits involves converting a sour mash into what?
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Which type of microbial products can serve as food additives?
Which type of microbial products can serve as food additives?
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What role do coumarins play in food preservation?
What role do coumarins play in food preservation?
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What happens to milk proteins and fats during spoilage?
What happens to milk proteins and fats during spoilage?
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Study Notes
Airborne Bacterial Diseases
- Diphtheria: Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram-positive). Toxins damage heart, kidney, and nervous tissue. Characterized by a thick, gray pseudomembrane in the pharynx. Prevented by an inactivated toxoid vaccine.
- Tuberculosis: Caused by Mycobacterium species. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and cough. Treated with 6-8 months of combination antimicrobial therapy.
- Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Caused by Bordetella pertussis (gram-negative). Highly contagious, causing fever, malaise, uncontrollable coughing, and cyanosis.
Arthropod-Borne Diseases
- Lyme Disease: Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by ticks. Presents in three stages: localized (skin rash, flu-like symptoms), disseminated (neurological issues, heart inflammation, arthritis), and late (demyelination). Diagnosed via serology testing or PCR. Treated with doxycycline.
- Plague: Caused by Yersinia pestis (gram-negative). Spread through fleas or direct contact. Symptoms include hemorrhages, fever, chills, and enlarged lymph nodes. Controlled through flea and rodent control. Vaccination available for high-risk individuals. Treatable with streptomycin.
Direct Contact Diseases
- Gas Gangrene: Caused by Clostridium perfringens. Damages skeletal muscle tissue, requiring surgical removal of dead tissue and antimicrobial therapy. Amputation may be necessary in severe cases.
- Tetanus: Caused by Clostridium tetani. Tetanospasmin toxin leads to spastic paralysis (muscle cramping, lockjaw, facial spasms). Prevented through toxoid immunization.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Bacterial STIs.
Food and Waterborne Diseases
- Botulism: Caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin. Prevents acetylcholine release, leading to respiratory failure and death. Infant botulism can be linked to honey consumption.
- Cholera: Caused by Vibrio cholerae. Transmitted by contaminated food and water. Characterized by severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Treatable with antibiotics and rehydration therapy.
Opportunistic Diseases
- Clostridium difficile: Hospital-acquired infection causing inflammation and diarrhea. Treated with vancomycin or fecal transplant.
Dental and Periodontal Disease
- Plaque formation leads to tissue inflammation, bone deconstruction, and tooth loss.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- E. coli is a common cause, more prevalent in females due to a shorter urethra. Can progress to kidney infections.
Emerging Concerns
- Antibiotic Resistance: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) demonstrates resistance to beta-lactams. Vancomycin is considered a last-resort antibiotic.
Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage
- Intrinsic Factors: Food's inherent properties (carbohydrates, pH, proteins, fats) influence microbial growth.
- Putrefaction: Anaerobic protein breakdown produces a sour smell.
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Extrinsic Factors: Environmental factors (temperature and water availability) influence microbial growth.
- Refrigeration slows growth, but Listeria monocytogenes can still grow in low temperatures.
- High heat (appertization) in canning kills most spoilage microbes (but not endospores).
- Pasteurization reduces spoilage microbes and pathogenic ones.
- Water Control: Dehydration and freeze-drying prevent microbial growth.
Other Preservation Methods
- Chemical Preservation: Utilizes GRAS agents, organic acids, sulfites, ethylene oxide, and nitrates to damage membranes and denature proteins.
- High Hydrostatic Pressure: Damages eukaryotic microbes while leaving gram-positive organisms more resistant due to their peptidoglycan layer.
- Radiation: X-rays, electron beams, and gamma rays damage microbial cells.
- Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP): Alters the gas composition within packaging to prevent fungal growth.
Categories
- Food-borne infections: Result in the growth within a person via tissue invasion or toxin release.
- Food intoxication: Preformed toxins present in food. Toxins from S. aureus, Clostridium botulinum, and Bacillus cereus can cause illness. Also included are fungal (aflatoxins, fumonisins) and algal toxins.
Fermented Foods
- Fermentation employs specific microbes to convert food ingredients into desirable products (e.g., yogurt, cheese, alcoholic beverages). Key organisms include Saccharomyces cerevisiae for wine and beer, specific lactic acid bacteria in milk products, etc.
Microbial Products and Applications
- Microbes produce industrial products (ethanol, acetone, butanol), pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, insulin), food additives (amino acids, organic acids, vitamins), and enzymes. Specific examples and details of these processes, products and concerns are noted in the text if applicable.
Vaccines and Immunology
- Reverse vaccinology and monoclonal antibodies are advanced approaches to vaccine development. Antigenic characteristics to be considered include expression during infection, surface location, presence across strains, ability to stimulate immune response, and importance for pathogen survival.
Biofuel Production
- Ethanol (derived from corn starch) is a gasoline additive. Challenges include water absorption, lower energy content, and transportation limitations. Hydrogen has higher energy content but cannot easily be mixed with gasoline.
Industrial Microbial Growth
- Mass culture is maintained in optimal environmental conditions using continuous feed systems to avoid waste accumulation. Primary and secondary metabolite production during specific growth phases.
Agricultural Biotechnology
- Genetic engineering for bioinsecticides and biopesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal proteins.
Emerging Technologies
- Diatoms as a potential source of insect control. Biosensors leverage riboswitches and GFP to monitor water quality. Heme systems are biosensors that respond to the presence of blood or associated materials.
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Description
Test your knowledge on airborne bacterial diseases like diphtheria and tuberculosis, as well as arthropod-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease and plague. This quiz covers pathogen characteristics, symptoms, prevention, and treatments for these significant infectious diseases.
