Bacterial Diseases in Horses
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Questions and Answers

What is the cause of Strangles?

Streptococcus equi

Horses over 5 years old are more susceptible to Strangles than younger horses.

False

Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor of Streptococcus equi?

  • Anti-phagocytic M-protein
  • Exotoxin (correct)
  • Hyaluronic acid capsule
  • Leukocidal toxin
  • What is the most common mode of transmission for Strangles?

    <p>Respiratory secretions and saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strangles is a highly contagious disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mortality rate for Strangles is typically high, exceeding 50% in most cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic sign associated with the Typical Form of Strangles?

    <p>Acute swelling of the submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication associated with Strangles?

    <p>Purpura hemorrhagica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Strangles?

    <p>Procaine penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of condition is Ulcerative Lymphangitis?

    <p>Immune-mediated condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biotype of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?

    <p>Glucose positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ulcerative Lymphangitis is primarily a disease of cattle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route of transmission for Ulcerative Lymphangitis?

    <p>Skin wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lymph nodes are often affected in horses suffering from Ulcerative Lymphangitis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic sign associated with Ulcerative Lymphangitis in horses?

    <p>Swollen legs and lameness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Ulcerative Lymphangitis?

    <p>Iodine ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epizootic Lymphangitis is a highly contagious disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The causative agent for Epizootic Lymphangitis is a bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical form of Epizootic Lymphangitis?

    <p>Gastrointestinal Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical sign of the Cutaneous form of Epizootic Lymphangitis?

    <p>Enlarged lymph nodes and ulcers in the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Conjunctival form of Epizootic Lymphangitis is the most life-threatening form.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Epizootic Lymphangitis?

    <p>Potassium iodide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glanders is a highly contagious disease that can affect both animals and humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route of infection for Glanders in horses?

    <p>Inhalation of contaminated respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mortality rate for Glanders is low, typically under 25%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical presentation of Glanders?

    <p>Acute form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Glanders?

    <p>Antibiotics, such as penicillin or streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a reliable vaccine available for Glanders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetanus is a bacterial disease primarily of horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route of infection for tetanus?

    <p>Deep wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetanus is a highly contagious disease that spreads easily from animal to animal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical sign of tetanus?

    <p>Lockjaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetanus is a preventable disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a reliable treatment available for tetanus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Joint Ill in foals?

    <p>Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Streptococcus equi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joint Ill is a highly contagious disease that easily spreads from foal to foal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joint Ill is a highly fatal condition in foals, with a mortality rate exceeding 50%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Joint Ill?

    <p>Antibiotics and supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shigellosis is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus known as Shigella.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical sign of Shigellosis in foals?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shigellosis is a preventable disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN) is primarily a disease of cattle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN)?

    <p>Autogenous vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dermatophilosis, commonly known as lumpy wool disease, is a disease primarily of horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mode of transmission for Dermatophilosis?

    <p>Biting insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a reliable vaccine available for Dermatophilosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ringworm is a highly contagious disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mode of transmission for Ringworm?

    <p>Direct contact with infected animals or their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Ringworm?

    <p>Antifungal medications such as topical creams or oral medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are highly effective vaccines available for Ringworm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Diseases

    • Strangle: Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, caused by Streptococcus equi.
    • Cause: Streptococcus equi bacteria.
    • Virulence factors: Hyaluronic acid capsule, M-protein, Leukocidal toxin.
    • Transmission: Respiratory secretions, saliva, contact, inhalation, ingestion.
    • Pathogenesis: Replication in URT, Tonsillar crypts and regional lymph nodes (LN), LN rupture & LN purulent abscessation of LN.
    • Forms: Typical, bastard, atypical.
    • Clinical signs (Typical): Nasal discharge (serous to mucopurulent to purulent), acute swelling of submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes, difficult swallowing, asphyxiation.
    • Complications: Purpura hemorrhagica, Guttural pouch empyema, post-strangles myocarditis, post-strangles anemia.
    • Mortality: 2-10%.
    • Susceptibility: Horses > donkeys > mules, more resistant in winter > summer.

    Immune-mediated Conditions

    • Purpura hemorrhagica: Immune system attacks body's own tissue (blood vessels), causing purpura (bruising) and hemorrhages, generally preceded by infectious or vaccination with strangle.
    • Course: 12 weeks, recurrence in 50% of cases, death can be due to asphyxia, anaemia.
    • Clinical signs: Edema and petechial haemorrhages (small red spots).
    • Causative agent: Antigen-antibody interaction, immune aggregates in circulation.
    • Treatment: Antibacterial therapy, immune suppressors (penicillin, corticosteroids). blood transfusion for anemia

    Ulcerative Lymphangitis

    • Cause: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
    • Transmission: Direct or indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, wound contamination.
    • Pathogenesis: Injury (cracked heel, mud fever), exotoxin production invades lymphatic vessel, abscess in lymph nodes, exudate, exotoxins.
    • Clinical signs: Swollen legs, lameness, rupture of nodules (pus), lesions develop after old lesions heal.
    • Susceptibility: Horses, mules, donkeys and cattle.
    • Forms: Different forms, depending on the affected part and the body's reaction.

    Diagnosis Methods

    • Field examination: Clinical signs, lesions location and observation of affected animals.
    • Laboratory tests: Microscopic exam, isolation, identification (culture), serology, and other blood/serum tests (hematological examination).

    Treatment

    • Strangle: Antiseptic solutions of boric acid, crystalline/procaine penicillin (20,000-40,000 IU/kg). Hot packing/mast poultices if internal rupture and drainage is needed. Antibiotics avoided as it delays maturation. Surgical treatment in case of spontaneous rupture.
    • Lymphangitis: Iodine ointment for ripening abscess, hot packs to reduce the severity of lymphangitis, systemic antibiotics (e.g., long-acting penicillin)
    • Other: Anti-inflammatory drugs, treatment for specific complications like heart or lung issues.

    Control Measures

    • Proper animal management and hygiene: Isolation of infected animals, clean and disinfect stables, avoidance of contaminated feed and water.
    • Vaccination: Use of appropriate vaccines to prevent infections (e.g., against Streptococcus equi, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Histophilus somnus. Aseptic techniques used during injections, wound care and other procedures.
    • Quarantine/isolation: For infected or suspected animals.
    • Disinfection: Proper disinfection and disposal of contaminated materials and equipment.
    • Sanitation: Maintaining adequate sanitation and hygiene practices.

    Other Diseases

    • Sporadic Sporotrichosis: Sporothrix schenckii, causing cutaneous lesions, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis.
    • Glanders: Burkholderia mallei (fatal). Causes respiratory disease (cough, nasal discharge).
    • Tetanus (lockjaw): Clostridium tetani neurotoxin (sporadic). Clinical signs: muscle rigidity (lockjaw), spasms, difficulty breathing, and potentially death.
    • Dermatophilosis: Dermatophilus congolensis (causing skin lesions and crusting).

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    Description

    Explore the impacts of bacterial diseases such as Strangles in horses, focusing on its causes, transmission, clinical signs, and complications. Understand the immune-mediated conditions associated with these diseases and their effects on the equine population.

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