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Questions and Answers
What is the cause of Strangles?
What is the cause of Strangles?
Streptococcus equi
Horses over 5 years old are more susceptible to Strangles than younger horses.
Horses over 5 years old are more susceptible to Strangles than younger horses.
False
Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor of Streptococcus equi?
Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor of Streptococcus equi?
What is the most common mode of transmission for Strangles?
What is the most common mode of transmission for Strangles?
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Strangles is a highly contagious disease.
Strangles is a highly contagious disease.
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The mortality rate for Strangles is typically high, exceeding 50% in most cases.
The mortality rate for Strangles is typically high, exceeding 50% in most cases.
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What is the classic sign associated with the Typical Form of Strangles?
What is the classic sign associated with the Typical Form of Strangles?
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What is the most common complication associated with Strangles?
What is the most common complication associated with Strangles?
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What is the most common treatment for Strangles?
What is the most common treatment for Strangles?
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What type of condition is Ulcerative Lymphangitis?
What type of condition is Ulcerative Lymphangitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a biotype of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT a biotype of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?
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Ulcerative Lymphangitis is primarily a disease of cattle.
Ulcerative Lymphangitis is primarily a disease of cattle.
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What is the most common route of transmission for Ulcerative Lymphangitis?
What is the most common route of transmission for Ulcerative Lymphangitis?
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The lymph nodes are often affected in horses suffering from Ulcerative Lymphangitis.
The lymph nodes are often affected in horses suffering from Ulcerative Lymphangitis.
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What is the classic sign associated with Ulcerative Lymphangitis in horses?
What is the classic sign associated with Ulcerative Lymphangitis in horses?
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What is the most common treatment for Ulcerative Lymphangitis?
What is the most common treatment for Ulcerative Lymphangitis?
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Epizootic Lymphangitis is a highly contagious disease.
Epizootic Lymphangitis is a highly contagious disease.
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The causative agent for Epizootic Lymphangitis is a bacterium.
The causative agent for Epizootic Lymphangitis is a bacterium.
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical form of Epizootic Lymphangitis?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical form of Epizootic Lymphangitis?
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What is the most common clinical sign of the Cutaneous form of Epizootic Lymphangitis?
What is the most common clinical sign of the Cutaneous form of Epizootic Lymphangitis?
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The Conjunctival form of Epizootic Lymphangitis is the most life-threatening form.
The Conjunctival form of Epizootic Lymphangitis is the most life-threatening form.
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What is the most common treatment for Epizootic Lymphangitis?
What is the most common treatment for Epizootic Lymphangitis?
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Glanders is a highly contagious disease that can affect both animals and humans.
Glanders is a highly contagious disease that can affect both animals and humans.
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What is the most common route of infection for Glanders in horses?
What is the most common route of infection for Glanders in horses?
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The mortality rate for Glanders is low, typically under 25%.
The mortality rate for Glanders is low, typically under 25%.
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What is the most common clinical presentation of Glanders?
What is the most common clinical presentation of Glanders?
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What is the most common treatment for Glanders?
What is the most common treatment for Glanders?
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There is a reliable vaccine available for Glanders.
There is a reliable vaccine available for Glanders.
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Tetanus is a bacterial disease primarily of horses.
Tetanus is a bacterial disease primarily of horses.
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What is the most common route of infection for tetanus?
What is the most common route of infection for tetanus?
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Tetanus is a highly contagious disease that spreads easily from animal to animal.
Tetanus is a highly contagious disease that spreads easily from animal to animal.
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What is the most common clinical sign of tetanus?
What is the most common clinical sign of tetanus?
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Tetanus is a preventable disease.
Tetanus is a preventable disease.
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There is a reliable treatment available for tetanus.
There is a reliable treatment available for tetanus.
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What is the most common cause of Joint Ill in foals?
What is the most common cause of Joint Ill in foals?
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Joint Ill is a highly contagious disease that easily spreads from foal to foal.
Joint Ill is a highly contagious disease that easily spreads from foal to foal.
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Joint Ill is a highly fatal condition in foals, with a mortality rate exceeding 50%.
Joint Ill is a highly fatal condition in foals, with a mortality rate exceeding 50%.
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What is the most common treatment for Joint Ill?
What is the most common treatment for Joint Ill?
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Shigellosis is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus known as Shigella.
Shigellosis is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus known as Shigella.
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What is the most common clinical sign of Shigellosis in foals?
What is the most common clinical sign of Shigellosis in foals?
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Shigellosis is a preventable disease.
Shigellosis is a preventable disease.
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Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN) is primarily a disease of cattle.
Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN) is primarily a disease of cattle.
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What is the most common treatment for Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN)?
What is the most common treatment for Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN)?
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Dermatophilosis, commonly known as lumpy wool disease, is a disease primarily of horses.
Dermatophilosis, commonly known as lumpy wool disease, is a disease primarily of horses.
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What is the most common mode of transmission for Dermatophilosis?
What is the most common mode of transmission for Dermatophilosis?
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There is a reliable vaccine available for Dermatophilosis.
There is a reliable vaccine available for Dermatophilosis.
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Ringworm is a highly contagious disease.
Ringworm is a highly contagious disease.
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What is the most common mode of transmission for Ringworm?
What is the most common mode of transmission for Ringworm?
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What is the most common treatment for Ringworm?
What is the most common treatment for Ringworm?
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There are highly effective vaccines available for Ringworm.
There are highly effective vaccines available for Ringworm.
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Study Notes
Bacterial Diseases
- Strangle: Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, caused by Streptococcus equi.
- Cause: Streptococcus equi bacteria.
- Virulence factors: Hyaluronic acid capsule, M-protein, Leukocidal toxin.
- Transmission: Respiratory secretions, saliva, contact, inhalation, ingestion.
- Pathogenesis: Replication in URT, Tonsillar crypts and regional lymph nodes (LN), LN rupture & LN purulent abscessation of LN.
- Forms: Typical, bastard, atypical.
- Clinical signs (Typical): Nasal discharge (serous to mucopurulent to purulent), acute swelling of submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes, difficult swallowing, asphyxiation.
- Complications: Purpura hemorrhagica, Guttural pouch empyema, post-strangles myocarditis, post-strangles anemia.
- Mortality: 2-10%.
- Susceptibility: Horses > donkeys > mules, more resistant in winter > summer.
Immune-mediated Conditions
- Purpura hemorrhagica: Immune system attacks body's own tissue (blood vessels), causing purpura (bruising) and hemorrhages, generally preceded by infectious or vaccination with strangle.
- Course: 12 weeks, recurrence in 50% of cases, death can be due to asphyxia, anaemia.
- Clinical signs: Edema and petechial haemorrhages (small red spots).
- Causative agent: Antigen-antibody interaction, immune aggregates in circulation.
- Treatment: Antibacterial therapy, immune suppressors (penicillin, corticosteroids). blood transfusion for anemia
Ulcerative Lymphangitis
- Cause: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
- Transmission: Direct or indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, wound contamination.
- Pathogenesis: Injury (cracked heel, mud fever), exotoxin production invades lymphatic vessel, abscess in lymph nodes, exudate, exotoxins.
- Clinical signs: Swollen legs, lameness, rupture of nodules (pus), lesions develop after old lesions heal.
- Susceptibility: Horses, mules, donkeys and cattle.
- Forms: Different forms, depending on the affected part and the body's reaction.
Diagnosis Methods
- Field examination: Clinical signs, lesions location and observation of affected animals.
- Laboratory tests: Microscopic exam, isolation, identification (culture), serology, and other blood/serum tests (hematological examination).
Treatment
- Strangle: Antiseptic solutions of boric acid, crystalline/procaine penicillin (20,000-40,000 IU/kg). Hot packing/mast poultices if internal rupture and drainage is needed. Antibiotics avoided as it delays maturation. Surgical treatment in case of spontaneous rupture.
- Lymphangitis: Iodine ointment for ripening abscess, hot packs to reduce the severity of lymphangitis, systemic antibiotics (e.g., long-acting penicillin)
- Other: Anti-inflammatory drugs, treatment for specific complications like heart or lung issues.
Control Measures
- Proper animal management and hygiene: Isolation of infected animals, clean and disinfect stables, avoidance of contaminated feed and water.
- Vaccination: Use of appropriate vaccines to prevent infections (e.g., against Streptococcus equi, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Histophilus somnus. Aseptic techniques used during injections, wound care and other procedures.
- Quarantine/isolation: For infected or suspected animals.
- Disinfection: Proper disinfection and disposal of contaminated materials and equipment.
- Sanitation: Maintaining adequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
Other Diseases
- Sporadic Sporotrichosis: Sporothrix schenckii, causing cutaneous lesions, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis.
- Glanders: Burkholderia mallei (fatal). Causes respiratory disease (cough, nasal discharge).
- Tetanus (lockjaw): Clostridium tetani neurotoxin (sporadic). Clinical signs: muscle rigidity (lockjaw), spasms, difficulty breathing, and potentially death.
- Dermatophilosis: Dermatophilus congolensis (causing skin lesions and crusting).
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Description
Explore the impacts of bacterial diseases such as Strangles in horses, focusing on its causes, transmission, clinical signs, and complications. Understand the immune-mediated conditions associated with these diseases and their effects on the equine population.