Aggression: Theories and Influences

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Questions and Answers

Match the types of aggression with their descriptions:

Pro-social aggression = Chasing a robber after witnessing a mugging Sanctioned aggression = Aggression in sports towards opposing fans Hostile aggression = Engaging in a bar fight to cause harm Instrumental aggression = Robbing a store without intending to harm

Match the theories of aggression with their main ideas:

Instinct Theory = Aggression is an innate instinct Frustration-Aggression Theory = Frustration can lead to aggression Social Learning Theory = Aggression is learned through observation Media Influence = Priming individuals to respond aggressively

Match the situation to its corresponding aggression trigger:

Blocked goals = Frustration leading to aggressive behavior High temperatures = Environmental cue increasing aggression Provocation in relationships = Provoking individual increasing aggression Physiological arousal = Fight or flight response increasing aggression

Match the study to its findings regarding media influence on aggression:

Music Lyrics and Aggression Study = Men exposed to misogynistic lyrics acted more aggressively Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment = Children imitating aggressive behavior after observation Television Violence = Increased desensitization to violence Video Game Violence = Players exhibiting increased aggression after play Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of aggression with its specific example:

Pro-social aggression = Defending someone during an attack Sanctioned aggression = Bodychecking in hockey Hostile aggression = Starting a fight at a bar Instrumental aggression = Shoplifting to gain items Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Aggression = Behavior with strong feelings of hostility Environmental cues = External factors influencing aggressive behavior Social rejection = Feeling of being excluded leading to aggression Economic conditions = Socioeconomic factors influencing aggression levels Signup and view all the answers

Match the aggression types with suitable synonyms or phrases:

Hostile aggression = Intended harm Instrumental aggression = Means to an end Pro-social aggression = Socially approved action Sanctioned aggression = Accepted aggression in contexts Signup and view all the answers

Match the aggression factor with its impact:

Frustration = Increases likelihood of aggression Media exposure = Reduces sensitivity to violence Social conditions = Affects aggressiveness through peer influence Temperature = Can escalate provoking aggressive responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

Prejudice = A preconceived opinion not based on reason Stereotypes = Generalizations about groups based on characteristics Discrimination = Treatment based on group membership Ethnocentrism = Belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group Signup and view all the answers

Match the biases with their descriptions:

In-group bias = Preferential treatment of one's own group Out-group bias = Discrimination against members of a different group Out-group homogeneity = Perception that out-group members are similar to each other Fundamental attribution error = Attribute behavior to character over situation Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their explanations:

Stereotype threat = Underperformance due to negative group expectations Minimal group paradigm = Creation of bias through arbitrary categorization Eye Color Experiment = An example illustrating in-group favoritism Collective identity = Expression of shared characteristics among a group Signup and view all the answers

Match the behaviors with their psychological phenomena:

Catharsis = Punching a pillow to relieve aggression Exercise = Healthier way to manage aggression Fundamental attribution error = Attributes behavior to personal characteristics Ultimate attribution error = Applies the fundamental error to entire groups Signup and view all the answers

Match the social concepts with their implications:

Competition over resources = Often leads to prejudice and discrimination Stereotypes = Simplify social interactions but can lead to unfair judgments In-group favoritism = Leads to preferential treatment of in-group members Discrimination = Results from biases based on group membership Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects with their causes:

Jealousy = Result of favoritism shown in the Eye Color Experiment Hostility = Emerged between groups due to inequality Bias reinforcement = Facilitated by stereotyping based on group identity Social categorization = Leads to group biases and favoritism Signup and view all the answers

Match the social behaviors with their effects:

Stereotypes = Help in simplifying social interactions Discrimination = Results in negative treatment based on group membership Prejudice = Influences unjust attitudes towards others Ethnocentrism = Can lead to prejudiced behaviors towards other groups Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their related biases:

Stereotypes = Reinforce in-group and out-group biases Out-group homogeneity = Leads to misjudgment of out-group members In-group bias = Facilitates favoritism towards familiar groups Ethnocentrism = Results in a sense of cultural superiority Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions:

Frustration-Aggression Theory = Aggression results from blocking a person's efforts to achieve a goal. Excitation Transfer Theory = Emotions and arousal can spill over from one context to another. Weapons Effect = Exposure to weapons increases aggression levels when provoked. Catharsis Theory = Expressing aggression can reduce aggressive feelings. Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples to the corresponding concepts:

George Floyd's Murder = Situation involving racial dynamics and power imbalances. Stuck behind a slow driver = Aggression triggered by goal blockage. Waitress behaving aggressively = Contextual information leads to empathy. Frustration at work = Emotional transfer to an unrelated situation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological responses with their influencing factors:

Aggressive response increase = Provocation by an electric shock. Empathy = Understanding the context of an individual's behavior. Retaliation likelihood = Attributing behavior to character rather than context. Distraction techniques = Using humor to mitigate aggression. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items with their impact on aggression:

Gun = Increases aggression in response to provocation. Badminton racket = Does not significantly influence aggressive behavior. Contextual information = Fosters understanding and reduces retaliation. Humor = Distracts and mitigates aggressive feelings. Signup and view all the answers

Match the situational factors with their impact on aggression:

Racial dynamics = Can exacerbate aggression in confrontational situations. Power imbalances = May lead to aggression in police-citizen interactions. Goal blockage = Directly correlates with feelings of frustration. Emotional arousal = Can lead to angry outbursts in unrelated contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychologists' theories with their implications:

Frustration-Aggression Theory = Suggests individuals react aggressively when thwarted. Excitation Transfer Theory = Highlights emotional spillover to unrelated contexts. Construal Processes = Influence perception and interpretation of aggression. Empathy in aggression = Rooted in understanding rather than punishment. Signup and view all the answers

Match the aggression strategies with their effectiveness:

Distracting with humor = Effective in reducing aggressive inclinations. Acknowledging feelings = Validates the aggressor's experience. Ignoring contextual factors = Increases chances of misunderstanding and retaliation. Expressing feelings = May lead to short-term relief of aggressive urges. Signup and view all the answers

Match the aggression theories with their key concepts:

Frustration-Aggression Theory = Goal achievement obstruction leads to aggression. Excitation Transfer Theory = Emotional arousal can be redirected. Weapons Effect = Presence of a weapon increases aggressive responses. Catharsis Theory = Release of aggression may diminish future aggressive feelings. Signup and view all the answers

Match the studies with their findings:

Math Performance Study = Gender stereotypes impact performance Robber's Cave Study = Competition increases hostility Illusory Correlation Experiment = Negative actions of minority groups are overestimated Princeton and Rutgers Study = Out-group members are perceived as more similar Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their definitions:

Intergroup bias = Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination against out-groups Biased Information Processing = Stereotypes influence interpretation of information Out-group Homogeneity Effect = Perception of greater similarity among out-group members Contact Hypothesis = Intergroup contact reduces hostility Signup and view all the answers

Match the study characteristics with their implications:

Math Performance Study = Environment affects performance based on stereotypes Robber's Cave Study = Cooperative tasks reduce prejudice Illusory Correlation Experiment = Distinctive events reinforce stereotypes Princeton and Rutgers Study = Generalizing behavior leads to incorrect assumptions Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects to their examples:

Illusory Correlation = Minority group behaviors are remembered negatively Out-group Homogeneity = Students perceive more similarity among out-group Biased Information Processing = Confirmation of existing stereotypes Stereotype Threat = Performance decreases when stereotypes are highlighted Signup and view all the answers

Match the tasks to their purpose in reducing prejudice:

Fixing a water tank = Cooperative task in Robber's Cave Study Scripting a debate = Encourages cooperation and understanding Group discussions = Promotes affirmation of strengths Social activities = Engages diverse groups together Signup and view all the answers

Match the group dynamics with their outcomes:

Competition = Increased prejudice and hostility Cooperation = Reduced negativity and increased friendships Stereotyping = Formation of false beliefs about groups Affirmation of strengths = Improves individual performance Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of descriptions with their focus:

Concrete descriptions = Specific actions and details Abstract descriptions = General traits and intentions Positive stereotype = Unfavorable perception based on group affiliation Negative stereotype = Overlooked individuality of out-group members Signup and view all the answers

Match the influence of stereotypes with their effects:

Performance Pressure = Increases under stereotype threat Group Competition = Enhances negative perceptions Contact with Out-groups = Can reduce stereotypes Diverse Groups Interaction = Encourages cooperative behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aggression

Aggression is behavior characterized by strong feelings of hostility, anger, or the intention to harm others
Pro-social aggression is socially acceptable and approved
- Example: Chasing a robber
Sanctioned aggression is somewhat accepted aggression
- Example: Aggression in sports
Hostile aggression is meant to cause harm
- Example: Bar fight
Instrumental aggression uses aggression as a means to an end, not harm
- Example: Robbing a store for money

Theories of Aggression

Instinct Theory: Aggression is an innate instinct (as proposed by Freud)
Frustration-Aggression Theory: Frustration leads to aggression if not managed
Social Learning Theory: Aggression is learned through observation and imitation
- Example: Bandura's Bobo doll experiment: Children who observed aggressive adult behavior were more likely to imitate it.

Media Influences

Media influences aggression by priming individuals to respond aggressively and reducing sensitivity to violence
- Example: Music lyrics and aggression studies: participants exposed to misogynistic lyrics left the other person's hand in ice water longer.

Situational Factors

Aggression is influenced by situational factors (temperature, media exposure, social rejection, economics)
- Example: George Floyd's death: situational factors, like racial dynamics, led to aggression

Construal Processes

Construal processes (how individuals perceive and interpret situations) influence likelihood of aggression
- Example: Weapons Effect Experiment: participants exposed to items like guns exhibited increased aggression

Mitigating Information

Mitigating information (context) reduces aggression. Understanding why someone is behaving aggressively makes it less likely you'll retaliate.

Excitation Transfer Theory

Emotions and arousal from one situation can spillover into another, unrelated situation
- Example: Frustration at work spilling over into a fight at home

Aggression Reduction

Strategies to reduce aggression include distraction, acknowledging feelings, empathy, catharsis, and exercise (rather than punching a pillow).

Prejudice

Prejudice is a preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience.
Stereotypes are generalizations about groups based on inferences
Discrimination is treatment based on group membership

Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice and discrimination often arise from competition over limited resources.
Stereotypes simplify the social world and reduce cognitive load when meeting new people.
Stereotypes help express collective identity, justify actions, and lead to unfair judgments

Fundamental & Ultimate Attribution Error

Fundamental attribution error attributes behavior to personality, not situation.
Ultimate attribution error applies this to entire groups
- Example: In-Group Bias/Out-Group Homogeneity

In-group/Out-group Bias

In-group and out-group biases lead to preferential treatment and discrimination.
Out-group homogeneity perceives members as more similar than they are; reinforces stereotypes
Ethnocentrism considers one's group superior, leading to prejudice and discrimination

Minimal Group Paradigm

Categorizing individuals into groups leads to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination

Stereotype Threat

Stereotype threat is when individuals underperform because of the expectation set by stereotypes of their group
- Example: Stereotype threat in math performance: If a woman is made aware that there's a gender difference in math scores, performance decreases

Individuals derive part of their identity from their group
Individuals "bask in reflected glory"; associating with successful groups to enhance self-esteem

Cognitive Perspective on Stereotyping

Stereotyping is an inevitable cognitive process arising from categorization, expectations, and attributions.

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Description

This quiz explores different types of aggression, including pro-social, sanctioned, hostile, and instrumental aggression. It also covers various theories of aggression, such as the Instinct Theory and Frustration-Aggression Theory, and examines media influences on aggressive behavior. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications.