41 Questions
What is the difference between true fruit and accessory fruit based on tissue origin?
True fruit develops from nothing but ovary wall, while accessory fruit develops from other parts of the flower as well as the ovary wall.
Give an example of an aggregate fruit and explain its formation.
Sweetsop and soursop are examples of aggregate fruits. They form from one flower with several unfused carpels, each carpel becoming a 'fruitlet' which then partially or mostly fuse together.
Describe the tissue origin of a cashew fruit.
The cashew fruit is an accessory fruit, developing from the pedicel and receptacle. The true fruit of the cashew is a nut-like drupe with a single edible seed.
What is the significance of succulence in fruits?
Succulence describes whether a mature fruit is fleshy and juicy or dry (stony, papery, woody, etc.).
Explain the concept of dehiscence in fruits.
Dehiscence refers to fruits that open to release seeds. If a fruit remains closed, it is described as indehiscent.
Provide examples of fruits that exhibit dehiscence and indehiscence.
Examples of dehiscent fruits include peas and beans, while examples of indehiscent fruits include nuts like acorns and chestnuts.
What is the term used to categorize fruits based on the number of flowers or fusion of carpels?
Floral origin
Give an example of a simple fruit that develops from one flower with one carpel or fused carpels.
Mango
What is the middle layer of a fruit called, which may be fleshy, fibrous, or dry?
Mesocarp
How are fruits categorized based on their tissue origin?
Tissue origin
What is the term used to describe fruits that exhibit dehiscence?
Dehiscence
Provide an example of a fruit that originates from multiple flowers merging and fusing into a single fruit body.
Pineapple
In fruits, what do the three layers collectively known as the pericarp consist of?
Epicarp (or exocarp), mesocarp, endocarp
What is the term used to describe seeds that do not possess endosperm?
Non-endospermic (exalbuminous) seeds
In non-endospermic seeds, what stores the nutritive tissue instead of endosperm?
Cotyledon(s)
Describe the germination process of epigeal seeds.
Epigeal seeds germinate with cotyledons being raised above ground level as the hypocotyl elongates.
Give an example of a plant that exhibits hypogeal germination.
Cajanus, Zea
What is the term for the single cotyledon in grass (Poaceae) endospermic seeds?
Scutellum
What family does corn/maize (corn grain) belong to?
Poaceae
What is a nut in botanical terms?
one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with hard pericarp
What is the role of a seed?
unit of dispersal and unit of perennation
What are endospermic (albuminous) seeds rich in?
carbohydrates and sometimes lipids
What is the main difference between endospermic seeds and non-endospermic seeds?
Endosperm occupies most of the space of the seed, while cotyledons are small in endospermic seeds.
Explain the process of seed formation after fertilization.
Embryo makes initial development, integuments become the seed coat, and the seed enters a quiescent state.
What are some examples of fruits that are commonly mistaken for vegetables?
pumpkin, cucumber, eggplant, chocho
What is the term used to describe the fusion of flower parts between members of the same whorl for most of their length?
sympetalous
How would you classify a flower with radial symmetry that can be cut across in more than one plane?
actinomorphic
What term is used to describe flowers with bilateral symmetry that have only one plane of symmetry?
zygomorphic
In flower evolution, what are some examples of primitive traits exhibited by flowers?
Flower parts many, flower parts of indefinite number, flower parts free, flower parts spirally arranged, flowers bisexual, ovary superior, flower of regular symmetry, flowers conspicuous
What are some examples of advanced traits exhibited by flowers?
Flower parts few, flower parts of definite number, flower parts fused, flower parts whorled, some whorl(s) missing, flowers unisexual, ovary inferior, flower of bilateral or irregular symmetry, flowers inconspicuous
What term is used to describe flower parts in eudicots that are sometimes found in sets of 4?
sometimes 4
What is the function of the calyx in a flower?
Protective function, encircle & protect the immature flower
What is the main function of the corolla in a flower?
Attract pollinators
What is the androecium in a flower responsible for?
Male reproductive function
What does the gynoecium (pistil) contain in a flower?
Ovules (megasporangium developing into megagametophyte)
What defines a perfect flower?
Both female and male reproductive parts present (bisexual/hermaphrodite)
What is the term for a flower that has either female or male reproductive parts but not both?
Imperfect flower
Provide an example of a monoecious plant.
Corn, breadfruit
Give an example of a dioecious plant.
Pimento
What is the significance of the number of parts per whorl in a flower?
Contributes to the flower's structure and function
How are the modifications in flowers usually related to?
Methods of pollination and seed dispersal
Test your knowledge on aggregate fruits from one flower with several unfused carpels, and the classification of fruits based on tissue origin. Includes examples like sweetsop, soursop, and raspberry. References include 'Fruits of warm climates' and Wikipedia.
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