Ageism and Clinical Geropsychology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of community mental health programs?

Creating community awareness.

Improving individual therapy techniques.

Treating existing problems. (correct)

Preventing future issues.

Which approach in psychology explains mental health issues as stemming from unconscious conflicts?

Biological Approach

Learning Approach

Humanistic Approach

Psychoanalytic Approach (correct)

What is one of the main goals of community psychology?

To focus on psychotherapy for individuals.

To increase access to medication for mental health.

To improve systemic issues that cause mental health problems. (correct)

To provide intensive individual therapy.

At which level does community psychology focus on addressing issues within specific groups of people?

Small Group Level Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of community mental health is often described as 'old wine in new bottles'?

Packaging existing treatment models differently. Signup and view all the answers

Which mode in psychology emphasizes professional-led community programs to raise awareness of mental health struggles?

Seeking Mode Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component in preventing psychopathology according to the diathesis-stress model?

Reducing stress, especially in vulnerable individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes community psychology's approach to risk and protective factors?

It aims to influence both risk and protective factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of analysis focuses on how larger systems, like organizations, improve their operations?

The Organizational Level Signup and view all the answers

What is one major challenge in evaluating community psychology interventions?

Confounding variables complicate outcome assessments. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of community psychology may create tensions in defining goals and measuring success?

Reliance on politics and community values. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a focus of community psychology?

Offering intensive individual psychotherapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is ageism primarily defined as?

Prejudice or discrimination based on age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a cohort effect?

Valuing savings due to experiences during the Great Depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the institutional level of analysis?

Challenging societal norms that stigmatize communities. Signup and view all the answers

How do many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures typically view aging?

Positively, often associating it with wisdom and respect Signup and view all the answers

What model did psychologists in the 1950s use to explain feelings of sadness in older adults?

The Loss-Deficit Model Signup and view all the answers

What was Freud's view regarding the mental health of older adults?

Psychological health wasn't important for them Signup and view all the answers

What is a common stereotype associated with older adults?

They are unproductive and forgetful Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason clinicians need to understand cohort effects?

To provide care that accounts for generational differences Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the SF Old Age Counseling Center established in the early 20th century?

It aimed to provide psychological services to older adults Signup and view all the answers

Which milestone event in 1975 marked the beginning of a focused program on clinical geropsychology?

USC Clinical Aging Program Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the focus of T-groups?

Give and receive interpersonal feedback Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary objective of directive group therapy?

Provide structured lessons and training Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in attitudes towards older adults’ mental health was initiated by Powell Lawton’s talk in 1978?

Integration of gerontology into clinical psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is commonly associated with group therapy treatments?

Shared experiences and mutual support Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common factor in group treatment success?

Discovering individuality Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy type is aligned with Corsini’s statement regarding psychotherapy?

Psychodynamic therapy Signup and view all the answers

In the context of group therapy, what does catharsis primarily refer to?

Expressing feelings openly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of T-groups in a business context?

Improve productivity and leadership Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'intent vs. impact' in communication?

Mismatch in intent and impact is common Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of non-directive group therapy?

Focus on the individual client experience Signup and view all the answers

Which factor in group treatment relates to members learning they are not alone?

Universality Signup and view all the answers

What critical role does interpersonal learning play in group therapy?

Teaches interpersonal skills and conflict resolution Signup and view all the answers

What effect does effective communication rely on?

The sender's intentions matching the receiver's interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of general systems theory in family therapy?

Interconnected behaviors within the family system Signup and view all the answers

What does acceptance in couples therapy aim to achieve?

Finding a balance between acceptance and change Signup and view all the answers

What predictor of poor outcomes in couples therapy is identified by Jacobson and Christensen?

Lack of compromise and accommodation Signup and view all the answers

In therapy, reframing is used to shift focus from which of the following?

What is wrong to what is positive or neutral Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'reactance' in couples therapy refer to?

Resistance to change when feeling controlled or criticized Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary prevention in community psychology primarily involves which of the following?

Providing treatment for existing severe problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

Early screening for anxiety in children Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of primary prevention in community psychology?

Addressing root causes to prevent problems before they occur Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'seeking' in the mode of delivery in mental health care?

Professionals proactively reaching out to prevent issues Signup and view all the answers

How does acceptance contribute to changes in a relationship?

By fostering a supportive atmosphere that promotes voluntary change Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by

Criticizing traits that were once appreciated Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'waiting' mode of delivery entail?

Clients waiting until issues arise before seeking help Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym YAVIS refer to in mental health services?

Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, Successful Signup and view all the answers

What was Hans Eysenck's primary criticism regarding psychotherapy?

It lacks scientific evidence for its effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

How did community psychology aim to address mental health service gaps?

By providing affordable community-level interventions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'non-empirical biases' in therapy imply?

Therapists' decisions are often influenced by societal and cultural norms. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the DSM regarding homosexuality between 1973 and 2013?

It was completely removed as a disorder by DSM-5. Signup and view all the answers

What societal influences might lead LGBTQ+ individuals to seek to change their sexual orientation?

Internalized societal prejudice and discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, why is it problematic for therapists to remain neutral?

Therapists inevitably communicate their values, even unintentionally. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception in therapy regarding the distress of gay individuals?

It views their distress as a result of their homosexuality. Signup and view all the answers

What issue is raised regarding therapy in relation to social justice?

Therapy can reinforce the status quo regarding social injustices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of self-awareness for therapists according to the content?

It is essential for ethical practice and client trust. Signup and view all the answers

Halleck’s view on therapy suggests that it is inherently what?

A subjective process influenced by therapist values. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best highlights the ethical implications of observing differences between groups?

Observing differences does not prove one group is pathological. Signup and view all the answers

The term 'minority stress' refers to what?

The pressure faced by individuals from societal discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what can be said about conversion therapy?

Its existence may lead individuals to seek it out, regardless of its harm. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stressor?

An external or internal event that creates potential for stress Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about stress perception is correct?

Appraisal determines whether an event is perceived as stressful. Signup and view all the answers

What long-term impact does early childhood stress have?

It can negatively affect physical and mental health later in life. Signup and view all the answers

How can relaxation techniques benefit individuals?

They reduce stress symptoms and improve immune function. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

The belief that one can manage challenges effectively Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive change method did Albert Ellis advocate?

Replace unrealistic beliefs with more flexible thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive bias involves making sweeping conclusions from a single event?

Overgeneralization Signup and view all the answers

What is a foundational assumption of effective problem-solving in stress management?

Most problems can be solved with calm analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What does acceptance in stress management involve?

Acknowledging and letting go of what cannot be controlled Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT typically associated with arousal reduction?

Problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'arbitrary inference' in cognitive therapy?

Conclusions made without adequate evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach of cognitive restructuring?

Changing one’s perception of stress through adjusted thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What impact does long-term practice of relaxation techniques have?

It builds resilience against stress over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive therapy focuses on correcting distorted thoughts?

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of engaging in sexual orientation change efforts?

It risks reinforcing harmful societal values. Signup and view all the answers

Why should therapists refuse to attempt sexual orientation change requests?

Because it may ignore the patient's true desires. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the distinction between empirical and ethical questions?

Ethical questions involve considerations of right and wrong. Signup and view all the answers

What critique did Davison present regarding the notion of treating patients?

Not everything that can be done should be done. Signup and view all the answers

How does stress impact physical health?

It contributes to cardiovascular diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stress and daily life performance?

Low levels of stress can lead to underperformance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains 'the Sweet Spot' on the stress-performance curve?

The optimal level of arousal for effective performance. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does chronic stress have on children’s physical growth?

It can interfere with normal growth. Signup and view all the answers

What did Perry London refer to therapists as?

Secular priests. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by marginalized communities related to stress?

Increased discrimination and microaggressions. Signup and view all the answers

What often influences patients to request sexual orientation change?

Societal pressure and internalized shame. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of stress management involves both the mind and body?

Mind-Body Connection. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the 'High Arousal' phase on the stress-performance curve?

Overwhelming the system leading to anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted as a crucial role of therapists in patient interactions?

Influencing patient goals and desires. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of building resilience according to cognitive and behavioral strategies?

Development of internal and external strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies emphasizes looking at failures positively?

Re-Evaluate Your Narrative Signup and view all the answers

What does the Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) integrate?

Best available research, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is considered part of the broad view of evidence?

Qualitative Research Signup and view all the answers

Why are controlled studies considered to have limitations in the context of therapy?

Laboratory settings often do not mimic real-life situations. Signup and view all the answers

What role does remembering past successes play in developing resilience?

It boosts confidence in facing new stressors. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a key element described in defining EBPP?

Therapist's Emotional State Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'empirical' refer to in psychology?

Understanding based on observation or experience Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy helps in maintaining motivation during hardships by connecting deeper values?

Finding Purpose and Meaning Signup and view all the answers

In the context of resilience, what is NOT included in effective stress management?

Seeking professional help only Signup and view all the answers

How does helping others contribute to one’s resilience?

It can enhance one's own sense of community and support. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of repeated exposure to similar situations for a clinician?

Enables them to identify trends and patterns. Signup and view all the answers

In evidence-based practice, which of the following is considered a subjective factor?

Therapist's judgment based on experience Signup and view all the answers

The historical evolution of EBPP reflects a shift towards which approach?

A flexible and inclusive combination of science and practice Signup and view all the answers

What argument did Szasz make about the nature of mental illness?

It is a label for behaviors that challenge societal norms. Signup and view all the answers

How did Szasz view the categorization of violent acts as mental illness?

As a form of social control that avoids accountability. Signup and view all the answers

What was Szasz's stance on personal responsibility regarding actions deemed unlawful?

People must accept consequences regardless of societal norms. Signup and view all the answers

What did Szasz think about the concept of civil commitment?

It infringes on personal freedom and rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Szasz's exceptions regarding the prevention of suicide?

Children and adolescents with limited decision-making capacity. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Szasz's arguments, what does the 'Abuse Excuse' refer to?

Justifying criminal behavior through personal hardships. Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of a liberal arts foundation in doctoral education?

It encourages critical and creative thinking across disciplines. Signup and view all the answers

What does Szasz suggest about coercive suicide prevention?

It is both impractical and unethical. Signup and view all the answers

Which example did Szasz use to illustrate the principle of advanced directives?

The tale of Odysseus and the Sirens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in developing a new theory?

Understanding the process of theory generation. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for a good theory?

It must be testable and open to disproof. Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Szasz have regarding the Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) verdict?

It diverts attention from the crime itself. Signup and view all the answers

What potential future implications does Szasz's critique raise?

The difficulty in predicting one’s future desires and needs. Signup and view all the answers

How does culture impact a patient's mental health experience?

It influences symptom expression and psychological issues. Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when developing therapy goals according to the EBPP report?

Patients' values should guide therapeutic interventions. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical dilemma can arise in therapy related to patient values?

Therapists may face conflict between patient desires and their own beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor complicates the voluntary nature of patient preferences in therapy?

Cultural and societal biases influencing patients' choices. Signup and view all the answers

What role do therapists play, according to Perry London’s description?

Moral and ethical guides in clients' lives. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of narrow specialization in psychology?

It can hinder creative development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a macro-level variable that can affect mental health?

Political and economic factors. Signup and view all the answers

What main concern exists regarding ineffective sexual reorientation therapies?

They reinforce harmful societal beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

How should therapists approach therapy for LGBTQ individuals, according to the APA policy?

By incorporating scientific evidence while addressing societal biases. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for psychologists to remain humble in their work?

To avoid actions based on fixed beliefs about their theories. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of therapy does the EBPP report emphasize?

Therapy goals must align with patients' values and preferences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of combining laboratory and clinical data in psychology?

To have a comprehensive understanding of psychological issues Signup and view all the answers

How does a paradigm influence psychological observations?

By dictating what is considered important to observe Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the relationship between data and theory in psychology?

Data collection is always objective and unbiased Signup and view all the answers

In the context of clinical psychology, what is a key distinction between education and training?

Education fosters critical thinking, whereas training emphasizes specific techniques Signup and view all the answers

What does the APA report suggest about the role of clinical judgment?

It is necessary when evidence is incomplete or lacking Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'the eye is not a camera' imply in the context of psychology?

Observations are influenced by personal experiences and theoretical perspectives Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized by the APA as crucial for understanding a patient?

Knowing the individual’s personality, cultural background, and life experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of the APA report regarding evidence-based practice?

It fails to address how paradigms define optimal treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'hammer and nail' analogy meant to illustrate in psychology?

The importance of having multiple tools (theories) for different problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of critical thinking emphasized in a liberal arts education for psychologists?

To foster skepticism and independent analysis across disciplines Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to consider cultural background in clinical psychology?

Understanding culture helps tailor treatment and facilitate better outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does the APA state about the relationship between evidence and theoretical frameworks?

Existing theories help define what is accepted as evidence Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of education does Socrates' quote highlight?

Education fosters curiosity and critical thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of viewing depression through a biological paradigm?

It emphasizes chemical imbalances as the primary cause Signup and view all the answers

What does the competency to stand trial focus on?

Whether the accused can understand court proceedings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the insanity defense?

Focuses on the accused's mental state at the time of the crime Signup and view all the answers

What is the Durham Rule primarily associated with?

Deferring to expert testimony regarding mental disease Signup and view all the answers

What does civil commitment pertain to?

Individuals deemed a danger to self or others without a crime committed Signup and view all the answers

What guideline does the Insanity Defense Reform Act emphasize?

The crime must result from severe mental illness Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the 'Guilty but Mentally Ill' (GBMI) verdict?

It combines punishment with mental health treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which principle does the M’Naghten Rule focus on?

Knowledge of the nature of one's actions or understanding their wrongness Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is included in the roles of forensic psychologists?

Creating psychological profiles of criminals Signup and view all the answers

What is a right associated with civil commitment?

Right to treatment provision by the state Signup and view all the answers

The concept of ascriptive responsibility deals with which key question?

Should society blame the accused for the crime? Signup and view all the answers

According to the Paul & Lentz Proposal, what are 'optimal goals' in treatment?

Higher goals such as vocational skills or education Signup and view all the answers

What is an advanced directive?

A legal document stating future treatment preferences Signup and view all the answers

How does forensic psychology relate to jury selection?

It assists in choosing impartial jurors Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Thomas Szasz have regarding forensic psychiatry?

It lacks moral and scientific foundations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response in the context of stress management?

An immediate emotional reaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of assertiveness in stress management?

Setting boundaries and expressing needs. Signup and view all the answers

How does environmental design impact stress management?

Poorly designed environments can decrease focus and relaxation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept of positive psychology as it relates to stress management?

Cultivating positive experiences and emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What role does social support play in managing stress?

It can enhance well-being by providing emotional support. Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy refer to in the context of stress management?

The belief in one's capability to accomplish tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What does reframing a problem involve?

Changing the perception of a situation to reduce emotional impact. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about resilience is accurate?

It involves recovering from adversity and utilizing experiences for growth. Signup and view all the answers

How can journaling affect stress levels?

It can help reduce anxiety and improve mental health. Signup and view all the answers

What does avoiding manageable stressors typically lead to?

Weakened coping mechanisms and increased stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is effective for managing stress through emotional intelligence?

Understanding and regulating personal emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of poorly designed environments on stress levels?

They can contribute to increased stress and discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an acquired skill for managing stress?

Aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What does the notion of 'trigger warnings' suggest about stress management?

They may reduce potential growth opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ageism

Prejudice or discrimination against people based on age, particularly older adults.
Western cultures often view aging negatively, with industries profiting from products targeting anti-aging.
Asian and Middle Eastern cultures often see aging positively, associating it with wisdom and respect.
Negative stereotypes about older adults include frailty, forgetfulness, and lack of productivity.
Positive aspects of aging include wisdom, experience, and contributions.
Older adults vary greatly in abilities, interests, and health; stereotyping them as a single group is inaccurate.
Age effects are consequences of chronological age (e.g., Social Security eligibility).
Cohort effects are consequences of being born in a specific time period.
Cohort effects influence how different generations think, act, and respond to the world.
Therapists need to understand these differences to provide tailored care.

History of Clinical Geropsychology

Freud's views reflected ageist beliefs, dismissing psychological health in older adults.
Early attempts to address older adult mental health did not gain traction due to societal stigma.
The 1950s "loss-deficit model" considered depression in older adults as normal.
Powell Lawton's 1978 talk at APA emphasized gerontology in clinical psychology, contributing to changed attitudes.
USC established the first clinical geropsychology program in 1975.
"Older Boulder" conferences helped educate psychologists about working with older adults.
Clinical geropsychology gained official recognition by the APA, becoming its own division.
Increased focus on aging and positive aspects (e.g., wisdom and emotional regulation).

Couple, Family, and Group Therapy

Group, family, and couples therapy involve strong emotions due to the close relationships involved.
Efficiency is a byproduct, not the primary goal; focus is on improving the relationships.
Corsini (1957) highlights a core goal of all psychotherapies: helping people gain self-understanding.
Psychodynamic therapy emphasizes insight into unconscious processes.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy prioritizes changing thoughts and behaviors.
T-groups (training groups) focus on interpersonal feedback.
Members learn to see how their behavior impacts others and adjust their actions.
T-groups promote self-awareness and interpersonal growth.
Directive groups are structured, time-limited, and have clients with similar issues.
Therapists play a more active role, teaching lessons or skills.
Non-directive groups are less structured and focus on individual client experiences; clients often have diverse issues.
Factors like universality, hope, and altruism are crucial in group therapy's success.

Community Psychology

Tertiary prevention focuses on treating existing serious problems.
Secondary prevention aims at early detection and intervention to prevent problems from worsening.
Primary prevention focuses on preventing problems before they arise.
Community psychology emphasizes addressing systemic issues.
The "mode of delivery" involves differing approaches (waiting vs. seeking).
The "conceptual" approach refers to diverse therapeutic approaches like psychoanalytic, learning-based, or humanistic methods for treatment.
Levels of analysis include individual, small groups, organizational, and institutional.
Community Mental Health (CMH) primarily focuses on treatment, while community psychology emphasizes prevention.
Community psychology aims to reduce risk and promote protective factors.

Stress Management

Cartesian dualism separates mind and body but highlights their connection.
Stress impacts physical health (immune system, cardiovascular health, muscle damage, growth).
Stress impacts mental health (anxiety, depression).
Stress impacts daily life (efficiency, relationships).
The stress-performance curve illustrates optimal stress levels for peak performance.
Stress management techniques include arousal reduction (relaxation, meditation), cognitive restructuring, and problem-solving/acceptance.
Environmental approaches include social support, environmental design, assertiveness training, and institutional change.
Instrumental approaches focus on skills acquisition, assertiveness, emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, communication.

Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP)

EBPP integrates best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics.
EBPP emphasizes consideration of patient culture, preferences, and circumstances.
Evidence-based practice evolved from empirically validated to empirically supported and finally evidence-based.
Different types of evidence are considered (e.g., RCTs, clinical experience, qualitative data).
Combining research, clinical experience, and patient needs is essential for informed practice.
Paradigms influence what constitutes "optimal" or "coherent" treatment plans, so the issue remains as complex.

Forensic Psychology

Forensic psychology applies clinical principles to legal issues.
Forensics psychologists play roles including competency evaluations, criminal responsibility assessments, and violence risk assessments.
Forensic psychology involves considering factors including the voluntariness of patient desires, ethical issues of ineffective treatments, and the interplay of patient desires vs. psychologist judgment, values, and biases.
Criminal vs civil commitment considerations distinguish between accused individuals.
Competency to stand trial and insanity plea analyses define different legal frameworks.
Landmark cases and laws affect how the insanity defense and commitment processes are constructed.

Thomas Szasz's Critique

Mental illness is a social construct, not a medical disease.
Szasz opposed both criminal and civil commitment.
He argued against defining violent acts as stemming from mental illness, promoting personal responsibility for actions.
Szasz critiqued the practice of coercive suicide prevention.

Therapy and Moral/Ethical Issues

Therapists act as "secular priests," influencing moral and ethical issues for clients.
Therapy is not merely a technical process but also inherently linked to societal contexts and politics.
Cultural/social sensitivity and developmental factors need consideration in therapy.
Moral/ethical considerations, especially with issues involving societal pressures, must be openly addressed in therapy.

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Description

Explore the concepts of ageism, focusing on how different cultures perceive aging. This quiz delves into the history of clinical geropsychology and the importance of understanding generational differences in therapy and care.