AFPAM 10-219, Vol 2: Civil Engineer Preparations

• Aids Air Force Civil Engineer units in readying installations for disasters, accidents, and war.
• Emphasizes Civil Engineer preparations for vulnerability reduction, personnel and resources protection, support for incoming forces, and base denial.
• Applies to all Air Force active, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve Command CE units.
• Supports Air Force Instruction 10-210, Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force Program, and Air Force Doctrine Annex 3-34, Engineer Operations.
• The publication is nondirective.

Base and Unit Preparations

• Installations prepare for potential disasters, accidents, or attacks, during peacetime and under threat.
• Preparations depend on the threat, mission, and location.
• Civil Engineer planners consider the installation mission and potential threats when preparing for emergencies.
• CE planners should seek answers to specific questions to inform planning and preparation.

Core Considerations

• Installation leaders and supervisors consider various factors to prepare the base and personnel for crises.
• Core considerations are relevant to every organization on base when preparing for contingencies.
• It is impossible and unnecessary for any installation to prepare for every possible threat.
• DOD publishes minimum life safety and antiterrorism criteria in Unified Facilities Criteria 1-201-01, Non-Permanent DOD Facilities in Support of Military Operations, for the contingency environment.
• Geographic combatant commanders (CCDR) have minimum standards and antiterrorism criteria for threat mitigation within their area.
• In general, preparations should preserve the minimum base capability to perform its mission under likely threats.
• Low threat, low priority mission: minimal preparations to protect personnel.
• High threat, low priority mission: very limited, low-cost preparations focused on protecting command and control and personnel.
• High threat, high priority mission: extensive preparations to ensure mission survival.
• Protect functions versus individual resources by focusing on protecting personnel, equipment, facilities, and utility services.
• Evaluate the actual assets requiring protection to preserve a mission-critical function.
• Cheaper solutions should be effective.
• Ineffective preparations waste time and resources and may draw unwanted enemy attention
• Doing nothing poorly may be preferable to doing something well.
• Valid preparations can be ineffective when done poorly.
• Less effective, lower-cost options may be sufficient.
• Focus on both cost and effectiveness to minimize the total time and resources spent on preparations.
• Assigned units should participate in installation-wide planning for comprehensive preparations.
• Mutual support can be integrated between preparations.
• Protective measures should be prioritized to focus limited resources on the most critical protective measures to deploy rapidly.
• Ensure that minimum protective facilities are in place before occupancy.
• Civil Engineer units don't have to do all facility preparations; other units can assist with non-technical tasks such as sandbagging and erecting tents.
• The entire effort slows down if an installation relies entirely on its CE personnel for facility preparations.
• Regularly verify efforts and ensure coordination between units.
• Reality checks, looking at what is being done in the field, and when making sure efforts do not conflict with those of other units.

Choosing Solutions and Determining Priorities

• Define solutions and set priorities for base and unit response during contingency operations.
• Key considerations include Design Basis Threat (DBT) and All-Hazards Threat Assessment.
• Refer to AFI 10-245 (Antiterrorism) and AFI 10-2501 for details and Civil Engineer requirements.
• Additional information is in AFMAN 10-2502, Air Force Incident Management System Standards and Procedures, AFMAN 10-2503, Operations in a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosive Environment, and UFC 4-020-01, DoD Security Engineering Facilities Planning Manual.

Approach to Preparing Your Installation

• Focus on protecting important installation functions, personnel, and assets, ensure readiness for a quick response.
• Develop short-notice and long-term preparation plans concurrently.
• Ensure timely preparations by taking a "whole base" look at the installation's important functions.
• Integrate all host and tenant unit functions into a prioritized list for planning actions.
• Short-notice preparations emphasize expedient measures and response team readiness.
• Divide short-notice actions into phases tied to specific threat or defense conditions, specifying who does what, with what resources, and when.
• The first phase involves gathering resources (personnel, equipment, vehicles, and supplies).
• Add to and modify preparations as the situation develops.
• This phased approach ensures the most important work occurs first.
• Phasing work can be inefficient due to the added time required to relocate personnel, equipment, and materials to a previous work site.
• This inefficiency reduces when other units do some or most of their own preparations.
• Maintain a work control function in the Civil Engineer Unit Control Center to track Civil Engineer tasking, following the plan unless the commander gives modifying guidance.
• Short-notice preparation checklists should include actions for your unit and support for other installation units.
• Keep short-notice preparation plans and checklists updated to reflect changes in threats, missions, and facilities.
• Threats can change quickly or slowly.
• Long-term preparations involve permanent measures for likely threats, requiring a multi-year improvement plan for extensive or expensive projects.
• The plan should be self-explanatory so new personnel can understand its intent and how to fulfill plan objectives.

Standard Preparations

• Standard peacetime preparations support short-notice and emergency response activities.
• Combining standard preparations with task/threat/incident-specific actions creates a comprehensive response and recovery capability.
• Standard peacetime preparations include organizing, training, and equipping Civil Engineer forces for base recovery plus, natural and manmade disasters, major accidents, terrorist attacks, war, and other challenging emergencies.
• Organize response teams, identifying each team member by name; what skills and equipment each person brings to the team; and who is in charge.
• Assign tasks to existing shops or sections when possible.
• Arrange for support from other agencies, identifying available resources and contact information.
• Outline explicit response procedures, detailing what needs to be done, by whom, when, with what resources, and how to communicate.
• Assign vehicles and equipment to teams and order additional equipment as needed, do not forget extra hand tools like shovels, picks, saws, buckets, sandbags, and brooms.
• Stockpile needed materials, checking them periodically to ensure availability.
• Stockpiles should be accessible, dispersed, and secured.
• Regularly train response teams to maintain skills, practicing realistically with the vehicles, equipment, tools, and materials they will use.
• Coordinate with other units and instruct them on facility preparations and resource protection, this makes those units more self-reliant and less dependent on limited CE resources.

Civil Engineer Support to Others

• Support between units is necessary to ensure daily mission accomplishment and mission continuity during/after emergencies.
• Support must be coordinated in advance and included in the Installation Emergency Management Plan 10-2.
• Training and exercises should test inter-unit support.
• Potential support to mortuary activities could be provided by pre-identifying burial locations with labor/equipment.
• Ensure burial sites do not create environmental problems or interfere with site uses.
• Coordinate with EOD personnel to assist during the processing of remains by removing any explosive hazards or residue contained in the remains.
• Civil Engineer units may assist in preparing unit casualty and damage reporting procedures.
• Prepare a master standard grid map or maps for installation C2, DRFs, damage assessment teams, and CBRN Control Center.
• Prepare airfield surface maps for minimum airfield operating surface (MAOS) selection teams.
• Civil Engineer preparations may include preparing a master standard grid map or maps for installation C2, DRFs, damage assessment teams, and CBRN Control Center.
• Response functions need current on-base and off-base maps to perform their missions.
• Good preparations include defining installation requirements for maps and charts, complete with instructions and an example showing how to read the installation grid map.
• This support between Civil Engineers and installation agencies is essential after an attack or disaster and enhance overall installation recovery capability.

Preparations for War and Terrorism

• Common preparations for war and terrorism are broken down by category and consist of minimum warning preparations, and long-term preparations.
• Standard preparations consist of organizing, equipping, and training response teams apply to each task.
• Minimum warning preparations include actions taken during peacetime to prepare for minimum alert tasks.

C2 Preparations

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Setting up Emergency Operations Center, Civil Engineer Unit Control Center, arranging communications, verifying recall procedures.
• Long-Term Preparations: Constructing permanent Emergency Operations Center, Unit Control Center and alternative facilities, setting up communication systems.

Vulnerability Reduction/Resource Protection Preparations

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Checking dispersal sites, developing Civil Engineer dispersal plans, dispersing key recovery equipment.
• Long-Term Preparations: Incorporating distributed siting of critical functions, expedient hardening plans, hardening facilities for key mission function.

Shelters

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Developing shelter plans, checking Collective Protection systems, stocking supplies, assigning personnel.
• Long-Term Preparations: Incorporating shelter requirements into facility designs, constructing stand-alone shelters.

Redundancy

• Long-Term Preparations: Utility systems to support key functions from two directions, loop systems, alternate launch/recovery surfaces, widened taxiways.

Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Preparing camouflage plans, arranging and stockpiling required supplies, preparing blackout plans.
• Long-Term Preparations: Plant native trees, shrubs, grass, toned-down facilities, apply permanent camouflage coatings.

Force Beddown Preparations

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Facility use, site plans for bed-down of incoming operation plans.
• Long-Term Preparations: Develop permanent bed-down sites, temporary utility service, drainage and roads.

CBRN Defensive Preparations

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Gather CBRN detection equipment, temporary equipment as well as vehicle decontamination sites.
• Long-Term Preparations: Build permanent vehicle and equipment decontamination sites.

Common Attack Preparations

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Utility isolation, backup generators, fighting positions, traffic control devices.
• Long-Term Preparations: Install isolation valves, incorporate security considerations, build permanent fighting positions and obstacles and long-term base and CCMD waste management plans.

Sanitation and Debris Removal

• Preplan for disposal sites for: human remains, garbage, debris.

Base Evacuation

• Make evacuation preparations in accordance with the local Installation Emergency Management Plan and Civil Engineer Contingency Response Plan.

Base Denial

• Prepare unit denial plans/support and organize denial teams and procedures.
• Place demolition tubes under runways and taxiways

Installation Attack Recovery Preparations

• Minimum Warning Preparations: Setting up damage assessment teams and UXO holding points.
• Long-Term Preparations: Install airfield pavement, reference marking system, heavy equipment on hand facility and utility system repair.

Preparations for Disasters and Major Accidents

• Many war/terrorism preparations also apply to peacetime crises.

C2 Preparations

• Short-Notice Preparations: Setting up an Emergency Operations Center, Communications systems.
• Long-Term Preparations: Construct a permanent Emergency Operations Center, establish communication systems.

Emergency Response Preparations

• Short-Notice Preparations: Establish auxiliary fire fighters, hazardous materials.
• Long-Term Preparations: Construct containment structures.

Vulnerability Reduction/Resource Protection Preparations

• Short-Notice Preparations: Building flood walls, pumps to prevent key facilities from flooding.
• Long-Term Preparations: Building new facilities above flood stages, incorporating shelter requirements into design.

Vital Records Protection

• Short-Notice Preparations: Back up computer files and place them in a safe place or take it with you.
• Long-Term Preparations: Build water and fire proof vaults to store irreplaceable historical documents and vital records as well as drawings.

Summary

• Preparations for war and disaster apply to all installations, although some may be unnecessary or impractical.
• Mission and threats dictate relevant preparations, especially to ensure mission capability.
• Air, ground, terrorist threats, accidents, and natural disasters are potential future events.
• Units should continually build/modify plans as circumstances change.
• Realistically, preparations will never be complete and there will always be something more to do, or do better.

CE Command and Control Preparations

• Effective Command and Control is essential for installation recovery after a disaster.
• Air Force and Joint guidance emphasize the importance of personnel, facilities, equipment, and communication procedures.
• Civil Engineer Command and Control preparations involve setting up facilities, organizing teams, establishing procedures, communications, and plans for Command and Control continuity.
• Detailed information is in AFI 10-2501, AFMAN 10-2502, and AFMAN 10-2503.

Emergency Operations Center Preparations

• Civil Engineers may manage the installation Emergency Operations Center in addition to the Civil Engineer Unit Control Center.
• Preparations include ensuring communications systems and equipment are operational.

Emergency Operations Center Facility

• Ideally, the Emergency Operations Center should be adjacent to or co-located with the Crisis Action Team.
• Consider linking them virtually to expedite information flow during disasters and contingencies.
• Design and construct the Emergency Operations Center for survivability and continued operation.
• Provide backup electrical power or quick generator hookup.
• Arrange workstations for easy access to maps, situation status, and Common Installation/Operational Picture information.
• Emergency Support Function personnel should communicate easily with each other and the Emergency Operations Center director.
• Geospatial databases may use online GeoBase resources for Common Installation Picture/Operational Picture.
• Accurate, up-to-date, standardized maps help maintain a common picture of the crisis and response.
• GeoBase digital maps can provide real-time updates.
• Airfield pavements maps plot damage and repairs to airfields.
• CBRNE maps plot CBRNE hazards and zones to manage protective actions and equipment procedures.
• Response maps should support the Military Grid Reference System to standardize position reporting.
• Consider using electronic/digital displays for maps and status to maintain accuracy; some hardcopy maps are too large to display digitally.
• Situation displays within the Emergency Operations Center help monitor and disseminate installation/unit/recovery status.

Emergency Operations Center Communications Include

• Landline phones
• Smart phones
• Intra-base radios
• Tactical radios
• Installation Public Address System
• Fax machines
• Computer Systems
• Each communications method has a distinct function and its own limitations.

Landline phones should have a list of key personnel numbers, secure phones.

• "Hot Line" phones provide a direct line to the Crisis Action Team and Unit Control Center.
• the Hot lines are useful between functional representatives in the EOC and their UCCs.
• Smart phones/cellular significantly expand communication options using a wireless network.
• Cellular services provides two-way communication (voice, data, texting, etc.) utilizing a wireless telephone network and is highly mobile allowing the user to roam.
• Intra-base radios are for normal use on the base radio network and are equipped with speakers and headsets the headsets help reduce the nose level.
• Tactical radios are for use on the emergency communications network (very high frequency or ultrahigh frequency radio network).
• Should be capable of communicating on all frequencies associated with the emergency response.
• The Installation Public Address System is part of the Installation Notification and Warning System for time sensitive threats.
• Provides the EOC a method to pass time-sensitive threat warning conditions to the base population.
• Fax machines are still used to transmit information should be backup and easily relocatable.
• Widespread use of commercial fax machines began over fifty years ago.
• Computer Systems facilitate rapid transfer of data and information.
• Each key person in the control center should have easy access to a network computer.
• Computers typically replace status charts, store damage assessment information, and eliminate paper copies of damage assessment reports.
• Computers should be pre-loaded with installation maps, status charts, plans, checklists, etc.
• Wireless communications and some other uses can present firewall problems, ensure these issues are worked out in advance with your local communications squadron.

Civil Engineer Unit Control Center Preparations

• The Civil Engineer Unit Control Center is the unit commander's communications center and is set up to support installation response/recovery.
• The Unit Control Center monitors and coordinates Civil Engineer recovery actions - damage assessement etc.
• Select and prepare Unit Control Center staff and facilities in advance.

Unit Control Center Facility

• Ideally be located to CE shops to increase ability to communicate during a communication breakdown, should involve work stations, communications equipment, status displays.
• Backup power source.
• Oftentimes, the best place for the CE UCC is within walking distance of the CE shops to make communications easier if phones or radios become unavailable or inoperable.

Operations plans and Support plans to maintain in the Unit Control Center include

• Installation Emergency Management Plan of providing base guidance for “All Hazard” emergencies.
• Civil Engineer Contingency Response Plan a guide for engineer forces in a disaster at an installation.
• HAZMAT Planning Outlines base response to a spill of HAZMAT other than nuclear and explosives, the BCE Is responsible for the HAZMAT Plan; however it requires the active support from base organizations.
• Additionally you should add the AFPAM 10-219 series, - Air Force Handbook (AFH) 10-222-series, and a local area telephone directory.
• The support plans to maintain in the UCC should include:
• IEMP 10-2 provides comprehensive base guidance for “All Hazard” emergency response, including threats resulting from major accidents, natural disasters, conventional attacks, terrorist attacks, and CBRN attacks.
• CE CRP (with all annexes and checklists) is the civil engineer's detailed guide for using and controlling engineer forces in a disaster or contingency at an installation; CE-specific guidance implemention of IEMP 10-2 and other base-level plans.
• HAZMAT Emergency Planning and Response Plan outlines base response to a spill of HAZMAT other than nuclear and explosives,.
• If the air base is subject to enemy attack, Air Force Tactics, Techniques and Procedures 3-32.12, Minimum Airfield Operating Surface Selection and Repair Quality Criteria, and associated MAOS selection can also be useful.

Status Charts

• Like the Emergency Operations Center, maintain visible status charts to control Civil Engineer responses.

Unit Control Center Communications ensure accessibility to

• Telephones
• Radios
• Hot lines
• Computers -Faxes
• Ensure communications equipment such as telephones, radios, hot lines, computers, and FAXs are available for the UCC.
• Consider all possibilities, including cell phones and other devices as long as personnel can maintain appropriate communications security (COMSEC) and operations security (OPSEC).
• The UCC should be able to contact functions, units, and teams

Radio Communications

• Should be equipped with speakers and headsets.

Call Signs

• Should be set up for Civil Engineer shops and teams, functional call signs for communication.
• At deployment locations, find out the local CE frequencies and call signs.

Dead Spots

• Update information as a critical GeoBase data layer and annotate it on Unit Control Center maps.

Unit Recalls

• Procedures to recall Civil Engineer personnel to duty stations during non-duty periods.
• Keep instructions simple and train unit personnel in advance on where to report.
• Have procedures to recall the entire unit and to recall just the military.

Alternate Communications

• Prepare and practice comm-out/radio silence procedures, develop alternate methods, visual signals.
• Establish manual procedures, such as the use of runners or signal flags, for collecting and disseminating information during disruptions to installation communications and computer systems.

Unit Control Center Continuity of Operations

• Potential senarios/solutions could include set up a seperate facility with equipment or before the first enemy attack recall the off-duty shift.
• Potential wartime scenarios include:
• Doing nothing until the UCC receives damage, and then consolidating or collocating the function with another CC, and recall the off-duty shift to pick up control, and form another relief shift.
• Setting up a separate facility before the first enemy attack, unmanned until activated, with a minimum crew who keep a duplicate set of status charts.

Notification and Warning Systems

• Every Air Force installation requires a system to disseminate emergency information rapidly.
• Systems, procedures, or a combination that provides mass notification capability may be acceptable.
• Refer to AFI 10-2501 and UFC 4-021-01 for and warning system standards.

Emergency Notification and Alarm Signals

• Emergency notification and alarm signals warn base personnel and units of attack or impending disaster, and should warn base personnel and units of an attack or impending disaster.
• Use sirens, horns, flags, telephone, radios, public address systems.
• The more advance warning given, the greater the probability of advance actions to reduce damage and injury.
• Repeat signals to ensure the entire population responds.
• The Air Force has standard signals in AFTTP 3-4, Airmen's Manual, titled CBRN Operations.
• Bases may use additional signals to meet command or installation needs, and overseas installations use signals proscribed by the GCC.

Summary

• Sound Command and Control preparations enhance coordination, communications, and cooperation during emergencies.
• It improves installation response, recovery, and mission sustainment.

Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception

• Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception is an additional measure to enhance the hardening protection of vulnerable base facilities and systems.
• Reduces enemy air and ground attacks and reconnaissance by altering recognition factors used to find targets.
• Because Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception is site dependent, its design depends, the design and efforts vary from base to base and between facilities on a base.
• The amount of Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception needed to defeat a threat also varies with the physical characteristics of the protected resources, their location and orientation, the surrounding terrain and land-use, and the threat.
• Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception measures partner with permanent, expedient or supplemental hardening.

Overview Include

• Civil Engineer units and other organizations may disguise and conceal critical installation facilities and assets to minimize detection and identification by potential attackers.
• This may include netting buildings or vehicles, applying toned-down and foliage matching paint to blend equipment with terrain, disguising potential targets, setting up decoys, and other Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception measures.
• Addresses preparations and guidelines for implementing command-directed Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception measures.
• Highlights general CCD guidelines and fundamentals, including a brief examination of methods, materials, and uses at permanent and austere installations.
• Addresses routine facility camouflage and concealment preparations, involving a brief review of design factors and considerations, siting, orientation and layout, and construction materials.

Benefits include

• A one-second release delay causing a delivery error of a few hundred yards could prevent the target destruction.

General Guidelines

• Planners should assume the enemy has an idea of the character of the base.
• If any large-scale force beddown effort is required, concealing that effort is impractical since the area will probably be under surveillance.
• The general aim of Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception, therefore, is to make it difficult for the enemy to use the information he possesses.
• Specifically, Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception efforts should concentrate on decreasing the range of target acquisition by delaying recognition of targets and by concealing, confusing, or decoying individual objects within the target area, thus hampering precision bombing and point target attack with mortars, cannons, rockets, missiles, and other weapons.
• Tests indicate the bomb-release effectiveness by pilots attacking a site previously attacked when not camouflaged, reduced by approximately half with the addition of camouflage
• It also addresses routine facility camouflage and concealment preparations; including a brief review of design factors and considerations, siting, orientation and layout, and construction materials.

Planning And Designing Camouflage, Concealment, And Deception include

• Installation working groups ensure comprehensive plans are prepared to accomplish installation Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception measures.
• All functional areas should be aware, and expedient as well as long-term, arrange stock piles.
• Address the Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception measures for Civil Engineer units in the CE CRP.

Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception must be implemented

• According to perceived thereat and reasources on a short-term or long-term basis. -Several factors determine the kind and degree of Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception, including, the value/vulnerability of the installation, intelligence about installation info, and potential attacks by other units.

Military Deception

• Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception, should not confuse installation attackers, which is a broader, information-related capability. _ Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception can support MILDEC by altering the appearance and hiding certain installation activities, capabilities, and assets.
• Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception could be detrimental if it projects a different message than that intended by any planned or ongoing MAJCOM or CCMD MILDEC operations.
• By conveying what Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception measures to implement and when, commanders can ensure installation Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception Actions are not inconsistent with MILDEC objectives.
• Permanent methods involve camouflage with sufficient durability to withstand operations and weather.

Limitations of Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception include

• Numerous factors may dictate or limit the Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception options used at a given base.
• Prominent landmarks
• Operational demands of the installation
• Geographic dimension and time available
• Expected useful life of the installation
• Suitable areas for creation of a decoy installation
• Available Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception materials, labor, and equipment
• Expected Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception maintenance requirements
• Probable enemy use of geospatial, satellites and overhead imagery prior to commencement of hostilities

Siting Considerations for Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception include

• In areas where clear skies are common, a key problem is concealment of shadows. Nearby civilian structures can sometimes be used to advantage.
• Terrain irregularities like embankments, escarpments, rock outcroppings, depressions, vegetation, and ground color patterns offer opportunities for concealment.
• Identify terrain features useable for enhancing security.
• Consider using existing roads and trails rather than creating new ones.

CCD Implementation Options

• Camouflaging or concealing assets during initial construction or set up of an austere base
• Camouflaging the base in successive sections during ongoing operational activities
• Camouflaging only vital assets when given minimum warning
• Doing so expediently at first then by replaced or augmented by more comprehensive or permanent work

Priorities Include

• The nature of the threat, the importance of the base mission, and the base vulnerability all influence Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception priorities.
• Intelligence community assumes that the attacker's main mission will be to destroy, paralyze or at least degrade the aerospace assets. When possible, consider off-base aim points and other key reference points in this planning, preserve OPSEC during planning.
• Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception efforts and priorities should mesh with other base preparations.

Work Scheduling Should take into account

• Compatibility with the operational mission in particular situations, the compatibility/delivery of materials in a manner which may call attention.

Considerations for Effective Constrcution Practices

• Effective practices are very important in order ensure the area does not attract too much attention by maintaining discipline.

During Construction

• Periodically check materials for suitability, quality, color, proper application, and the installation picture

Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception Maintenance

• Requires periodic maintenance, and using cut vegetation sparingly, as well as cutting just a little from any one point or tree.

Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception Discipline

• Requires everyone on the installation to practice discipline or else it is ineffective.

Permanent and austere bases should

• Understandably, Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception methods plan measures for durable installations but at austere initial locations its restricted.

CCD Planning Aids should include

• Topographic maps, aerial photographs and a clear understanding of the map scale.

There are signature and recognition keys

• Elements such as high contrast, large size, shape, pattern, and movement make objects more visible and recognizable.
• It may not be able to recognize it as a worthwhile target, the prevention of recognition, is useful in a military sense.

Factors That Can Simplify Camouflage, Concealment, And Deception

• The intensity of solar flux over the area.
• The acuity of the eye
• The quality of atmosphere and distance

Shape Is A Fundamental Cue

• 8-10 Several, it is also one of many that distract the perception of shape which includes painting or netting.

Factors to Consider Include

• The terrain and manmade features that can enhance concealing something.
• Size- militaries, or runways that are often conspicuous. Texture - which comes from surfaces, building a structure shapes
• Contrasts of colors

The four basic principles of Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception include

• In most Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception programs, the combination of these principles has been proven to give you the most effective results.
• Hide
• Blend
• Disguise
• Decoy

Hiding

• Hiding prevents enemy discovery by positioning a barrier to block the view of the sensor.

Blending

• Blend involves coordinating the color as well as the brightness of the target and the background.

Disguising

• Disguise intends to generate a false appearance to mislead the attacker as to the identity of the target.

Decoy

• Decoy- Operations to deceive the enemy, decoys are important tools in Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception.

CCD Design Considerations Design include

• New facility designs should reduce the conspicuousness of structures without limiting their functional use.
• CCD schemes can be more effective with proper siting, design, and/ or good materials.
• Often, the success of any camouflage is dependent upon proper choice of position and camouflage discipline of the site.

Proper use of vegetation can be one of the best overall camouflage methods when considering visual as well as radar

• The designer should consider flight safety or security restrictions.

Camoflauge and coatings are simple and fast to apply to help preserve the surface

• Coatings may require a constant change of colors depending on the seasons which increases costs .

Military installations can greatly benefit from The camouflage of the net systems for it is radar transparent and lightweight

• Traditional camouflage screen systems (Lightweight or ultra-lightweight) lightweight damage when with aircraft . The nets, comes in three visual schemes: woodland, desert, and snow two radar schemes: transparent vs scattering
• The ultra-lightweight camouflage are for used to resemble various with background surface

CCD at Permanent bases

-Camouflage or concealment of runways and taxiways is difficult due to their large size and operational requirements.

A guide for Civil Engineer (CE) preparations. It highights considerations for CE planners during crises. Key areas include threat assessment, risk management, and ensuring unit involvement in installation-wide planning for effective contingency response.