18 Questions
What is the purpose of using an adjuvant along with an antigen?
To enhance the immune response to the antigen
Which of the following is a commonly used adjuvant in human immunization?
Aluminum hydroxide
How does aluminum hydroxide adjuvant work?
It delays the absorption of toxoids and prolongs their exposure to the immune system
What is the main component of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria?
Peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acids
Which bacterial antigen is important in preventing adherence to body surfaces?
Fimbrial antigens (F antigens)
What is the primary component of bacterial capsules in Bacillus anthracis?
Proteins
Which of the following are highly immunogenic proteins that stimulate the production of antibodies?
Exotoxins
What are toxoids?
Inactivated exotoxins that lose their toxicity but retain antigenicity
What are porins?
Proteins that form pores on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria
Which of the following is true about viral antigens?
Viral genes code for new proteins that are carried to the surface of infected cells
What are endogenous antigens?
Newly synthesized foreign proteins within an animal's cell
Which of the following microorganisms can invade animals and provoke an immune response?
All of the above
Which of the following statements about antigens is correct?
Antigens stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response.
What are epitopes?
Epitopes are the sites on or within the antigen with which antibodies react.
Which of the following statements about epitopes is incorrect?
Epitopes are large portions of the antigen molecule.
What is the area of the antibody molecule that interacts with the epitope called?
Paratope
What is the term used for antigens that share one or more similar epitopes?
Heterophil antigens
What is the valence of an antigen?
The number of epitopes on the antigen.
Test your knowledge on adjuvants and how they enhance the immune response to antigens. Learn about the role of aluminum hydroxide in delaying the absorption of toxoids and prolonging their exposure to the immune system. Explore how host factors can influence the generation of an immune response.
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