2.3 Adjuvants and Formulations in Vaccines
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of an adjuvant?

An adjuvant is any substance (or a mixture of substances) that enhances the immune response to an antigen with which it is mixed.

According to C.A. Janeway, what is an adjuvant often referred to as?

An adjuvant is often referred to as 'The immunologist’s dirty little secret'.

Name some vaccines types exerts an adjuvant effect?

protein vaccine with alum, Live attenuated vaccine, Nucleic acid based vaccine

What impact do adjuvants have on vaccine-induced immune response?

<p>They enhance the immunogenicity and tolerability of vaccines, allowing for lower doses of antigens and longer-term immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some challenges for vaccine development?

<p>Difficult-to-reach populations, emergence of new infections, epidemics, pandemics,</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Toll-like receptors play in the immune response?

<p>They are essential in the innate immune response and are located on the surface of various immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the choice of adjuvant/delivery system for a vaccine?

<p>Pathogen-related factors: severity of disease, correlate of protection, and Host-related factors: target population, reactogenicity profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of alum as a vaccine adjuvant?

<p>Alum acts through a depot effect, better uptake of the antigen by APC, and induction of danger signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of aluminium salts as vaccine adjuvants?

<p>Aluminium salts induce antibodies ,have a good safety record, but do not show adjuvant effect with all antigens and are destroyed by freezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an adjuvant selected among all the possibilities?

<p>An adjuvant is selected based on the type of response needed, the antigen to be produced, optimised immunological tools, and the need for adjuvant if classical aluminium is not sufficient consider other adjuvants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do virus-specific CD4 T cells play in protection against Varicella zoster virus (VZV)?

<p>Virus-specific CD4 T cells play a crucial role in protection against VZV, but their numbers decrease with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to inducing the desired adaptive immune response according to the text?

<p>Innate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which factor does the choice of adjuvant/delivery system depend on?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is important for future vaccine development?

<p>Novel antigens and adjuvants</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what determines the choice of adjuvant/delivery system for a vaccine?

<p>Many factors including pathogen-related and host-related factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delivery strategies for vaccines can include DNA, mRNA, and live vectors for novel vaccine design

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of action of adjuvants is completely understood

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The choice of adjuvant/delivery system for a vaccine depends only on pathogen-related factors

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adjuvants play a minor role in vaccine-induced immune response

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of action of adjuvants is fully understood

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Novel approaches to vaccine design include the incorporation of multiple immunodominant epitopes, conformationally accurate recombinant proteins, and antigens in VLPs construction, reverse vaccinology, and ____________.

<p>delivery strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, a new framework for adjuvant development emphasizes that a vaccine is composed of antigen and adjuvant, with the mechanism of action being the induction of the desired adaptive immune response, such as nAbs, sIgA, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and ____________.

<p>innate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • H5N1 avian influenza virus was a pandemic threat around 15 years ago.
  • AS03: oil in water (o/w) emulsions were used to develop the H5N1 vaccine.
  • AS03 contains squalene, a natural organic oil with immunomodulatory effects.
  • AS03 also contains surfactants like polysorbate 80 (Tween) and Span 85, and a Vit E derivative called a-tocopherol.
  • The AS03 adjuvant demonstrated antigen sparing capacity and increased heterologous antibody responses in H5N1 trials.
  • This knowledge led to the rapid development of Pandemrix®, an AS03-containing pandemic influenza vaccine.
  • AS03 was also present in two SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, but they have only recently been licensed due to production challenges.
  • Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster or shingles through reactivation in the sensory ganglia.
  • Virus-specific CD4 T cells play a crucial role in protection against VZV, but their numbers decrease with age.
  • Varicella (chickenpox) vaccines include live attenuated, Oka strain vaccines like Provarivax, and recombinant protein and adjuvant (AS01B) vaccines like Shingrix.
  • AS01-adjuvanted VZV vaccine, Shingrix, induces a robust cell-mediated immune response and high vaccine efficacy against shingles in older adults.
  • AS01-adjuvanted VZV vaccine received FDA approval in 2017 and EMA approval in 2018.
  • Immunosenescence, an age-related decrease in immune function, can be overcome by vaccines with strong adjuvants like AS01B.
  • AS03 and AS01B are adjuvants derived from different sources: AS03 from natural oils, and AS01B from microbial membrane components.
  • The text discusses the challenges in developing vaccines for pathogens like H5N1 avian influenza and Varicella zoster virus, and the population-related challenges such as immunosenescence and immunosuppression.
  • The text also emphasizes the importance of effective adjuvants, like AS03 and AS01B, in overcoming these challenges and inducing protective immunity.

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2.3 Vaccine adjuvants (1).pptx

Description

This quiz covers trade names and types of formulations and delivery systems of adjuvants used in vaccines, such as aluminium salts, o/w emulsions, liposomes, and immune-enhancers like TLR-4 agonists and saponins. Test your knowledge on adjuvants and formulation used in vaccines.

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