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What is the definition of an adjuvant?
An adjuvant is any substance (or a mixture of substances) that enhances the immune response to an antigen with which it is mixed.
According to C.A. Janeway, what is an adjuvant often referred to as?
An adjuvant is often referred to as 'The immunologist’s dirty little secret'.
Name some vaccines types exerts an adjuvant effect?
protein vaccine with alum, Live attenuated vaccine, Nucleic acid based vaccine
What impact do adjuvants have on vaccine-induced immune response?
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What are some challenges for vaccine development?
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What role do Toll-like receptors play in the immune response?
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What factors determine the choice of adjuvant/delivery system for a vaccine?
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What is the mechanism of action of alum as a vaccine adjuvant?
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What are the characteristics of aluminium salts as vaccine adjuvants?
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How is an adjuvant selected among all the possibilities?
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What role do virus-specific CD4 T cells play in protection against Varicella zoster virus (VZV)?
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What is the key to inducing the desired adaptive immune response according to the text?
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Based on the text, which factor does the choice of adjuvant/delivery system depend on?
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According to the text, what is important for future vaccine development?
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In the context of the text, what determines the choice of adjuvant/delivery system for a vaccine?
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Delivery strategies for vaccines can include DNA, mRNA, and live vectors for novel vaccine design
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The mechanism of action of adjuvants is completely understood
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The choice of adjuvant/delivery system for a vaccine depends only on pathogen-related factors
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Adjuvants play a minor role in vaccine-induced immune response
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The mechanism of action of adjuvants is fully understood
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Novel approaches to vaccine design include the incorporation of multiple immunodominant epitopes, conformationally accurate recombinant proteins, and antigens in VLPs construction, reverse vaccinology, and ____________.
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According to the text, a new framework for adjuvant development emphasizes that a vaccine is composed of antigen and adjuvant, with the mechanism of action being the induction of the desired adaptive immune response, such as nAbs, sIgA, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and ____________.
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Study Notes
- H5N1 avian influenza virus was a pandemic threat around 15 years ago.
- AS03: oil in water (o/w) emulsions were used to develop the H5N1 vaccine.
- AS03 contains squalene, a natural organic oil with immunomodulatory effects.
- AS03 also contains surfactants like polysorbate 80 (Tween) and Span 85, and a Vit E derivative called a-tocopherol.
- The AS03 adjuvant demonstrated antigen sparing capacity and increased heterologous antibody responses in H5N1 trials.
- This knowledge led to the rapid development of Pandemrix®, an AS03-containing pandemic influenza vaccine.
- AS03 was also present in two SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, but they have only recently been licensed due to production challenges.
- Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster or shingles through reactivation in the sensory ganglia.
- Virus-specific CD4 T cells play a crucial role in protection against VZV, but their numbers decrease with age.
- Varicella (chickenpox) vaccines include live attenuated, Oka strain vaccines like Provarivax, and recombinant protein and adjuvant (AS01B) vaccines like Shingrix.
- AS01-adjuvanted VZV vaccine, Shingrix, induces a robust cell-mediated immune response and high vaccine efficacy against shingles in older adults.
- AS01-adjuvanted VZV vaccine received FDA approval in 2017 and EMA approval in 2018.
- Immunosenescence, an age-related decrease in immune function, can be overcome by vaccines with strong adjuvants like AS01B.
- AS03 and AS01B are adjuvants derived from different sources: AS03 from natural oils, and AS01B from microbial membrane components.
- The text discusses the challenges in developing vaccines for pathogens like H5N1 avian influenza and Varicella zoster virus, and the population-related challenges such as immunosenescence and immunosuppression.
- The text also emphasizes the importance of effective adjuvants, like AS03 and AS01B, in overcoming these challenges and inducing protective immunity.
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Description
This quiz covers trade names and types of formulations and delivery systems of adjuvants used in vaccines, such as aluminium salts, o/w emulsions, liposomes, and immune-enhancers like TLR-4 agonists and saponins. Test your knowledge on adjuvants and formulation used in vaccines.
