Abnormal Psychology Chapter 15 - Personality Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Personality disorders are longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience.

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the three clusters of personality disorders?

  • Dramatic/Erratic
  • Odd/Eccentric
  • Anxious/Fearful
  • Depressive/Anxious (correct)

    • Which personality disorder is characterized by distrust and suspiciousness of others?

  • Paranoid (correct)
  • Schizotypal
  • Antisocial
  • Schizoid

    • Which personality disorder is characterized by detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression?

    <p>Schizoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the unusual thoughts and behaviors associated with Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    <p>Psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antisocial Personality Disorder is more common in men than women.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder that focuses on internal thoughts and feelings?

    <p>Psychopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (Hare) Scale evaluates individuals based solely on their external behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by impulsive, self-damaging behaviors and unstable, stormy, intense relationships?

    <p>Borderline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with Borderline Personality Disorder often experience periods of intense anger and frustration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory proposed by Marsha Linehan that explains the development of BPD?

    <p>Linehan's Diathesis-Stress Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior?

    <p>Histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by a grandiose view of self, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy?

    <p>Narcissistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) experience the same obsessions and compulsions as individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality disorders is NOT part of the Anxious/Fearful cluster?

    <p>Paranoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment of personality disorders is often straightforward and successful due to the stable nature of the disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is particularly effective for treating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

    <p>Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychodynamic therapy is generally considered an effective treatment for Psychopathy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation: Chapter 15 - Personality Disorders

    • This presentation covers personality disorders, including diagnosis, types, and treatment.
    • The text is from the Abnormal Psychology, Thirteenth Edition by Kring, Johnson, Davison, and Neale.

    Chapter Outline

    • I. Personality Disorder Diagnosis: Discusses the criteria for diagnosing personality disorders.
    • II. Personality Disorder Types: Categorizes personality disorders into clusters based on clinical similarities.
    • III. Treatment of Personality Disorders: Explores various therapeutic approaches for treating personality disorders.

    Personality Disorders

    • Characterized by longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience.

    • Unstable positive sense of self and inability to sustain close relationships.

    • DSM-5 preserves the 3-cluster DSM-IV-TR format, yet includes an alternative DSM-5 Model in an appendix.

    • There is a need to reconsider diagnostic criteria due to half of people with DSM-IV-TR criteria currently meeting criteria for alternative diagnoses; and some disorders are relatively rare.

    • It is important to include individuals who do not meet any of the current DSM-IV-TR personality disorder diagnoses but still have significant personality problems.

    Personality Disorder Clusters

    • Odd/Eccentric: Includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders.
    • Dramatic/Erratic: Includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders.
    • Anxious/Fearful: Includes Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders.

    Key Features of DSM-5 Personality Disorders

    • Presents a table detailing key (diagnostic) features for each personality disorder cluster outlined in the DSM-5.
      • It defines each type of disorder, indicating its presence in the alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders.

    Test-Retest Stability

    • Presents a graphical representation of the test-retest stability of certain personality disorders (e.g., schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive) and major depressive disorder.
      • Shows percent remaining at the diagnostic threshold over time (6 months, 12 months, 24 months).

    Common Risk Factors in Personality Disorders

    • Children's Community Study: Early adversity (e.g., abuse, neglect), and unaffected or aversive parenting styles, are linked to increased rates of personality disorders.

    • Twin Studies: Support moderate heritability for personality disorders.

    Odd/Eccentric Cluster Details

    • Schizophrenia Similarity: Disorders in this cluster show some similarity to schizophrenia but are less severe.

    Diagnostic Criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder

    • Presents a list of diagnostic criteria for the Paranoid Personality Disorder. These are signs of distrust and suspiciousness beginning in early adulthood.
      • Including unjustified suspicion of harm, deception, or exploitation; doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends; reluctance to confide in others; tendency to read hidden meanings into actions; bearing grudges; and suspicion of fidelity of partner.

    Diagnostic Criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder

    • Includes diagnostic criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder. Including a lack of desire for close relationships; preference for solitude; little interest in sex; few pleasurable activities; lack of friends; indifference to praise/criticism; and flat affect.

    Diagnostic Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder

    • Explains diagnostic criteria for schizotypal disorder
      • Presenting with unusual/eccentric thoughts & behaviors, interpersonal detachment & suspiciousness, and/or odd beliefs/magical thinking.
      • Includes feelings the presence of a force/person not actually present; odd/eccentric behavior; and talks to self.

    Schizotypal Personality Disorder Details

    • Schizophrenia Similarity: Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder show problems similar to those seen in schizophrenia.
    • Heritability, Neuropsychological Deficits, Brain Structure: This disorder has a moderate heritability of ~60% and is associated with cognitive and neuropsychological deficits. It also shows enlarged ventricles in the brain and reduced temporal gray matter.

    Dramatic/Erratic Cluster Details

    • This section provides details about the individual personality disorders in this cluster, such as Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders.

    Antisocial Personality Disorder Details

    • Disregard for Rights: Pervasive disregard for the rights of others.
    • Irresponsible Behaviors: Pattern of irresponsible behaviors, such as poor work record, breaking laws.
    • Conduct Disorder: Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15.
    • Gender Differences: More common in men than women.
    • Substance Use Comorbidity: Often comorbid with substance use.
    • Psychopathy and Poverty of Emotion: Characteristics of psychopathy (sociopathy) are recognized prior to DSM diagnosis, emphasizing a lack of emotional capacity. This includes lack of shame, remorse, anxiety; and positive emotions used to manipulate others.
    • Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised A tool for evaluating psychopathy.
    • Diagnostic Criteria: Presents diagnostic criteria that define this personality disorder.

    Antisocial Personality Disorder (Continued) – Etiology

    • Research limitations, including difficulties in studying criminals; and differing measurements of Antisocial Personality Disorder and psychopathy.
    • Heritability: Antisocial behavior is partly heritable (around 40-50%).
    • Genetic risks: Genetic factors are linked to antisocial personality disorder, and other disorders, such as conduct disorder (CD), and substance use disorder.
    • Family environment: Factors like a lack of warmth, high negativity, parental inconsistencies are related.
    • Poverty, violence exposure are linked

    Antisocial Personality Disorder (Continued) – Etiology (Neurobiological)

    • Fearlessness: Lacking fear or anxiety; low baseline skin conductance; limited reaction to negative stimuli.
    • Impulsivity: Lack of response to threat when pursuing rewards.
    • Empathy deficits: Difficulty recognizing or empathizing with others' emotional states

    Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

    • Impulsivity and Self-Damaging Behaviors: Impulsive self-damaging behaviors and unstable, intense relationships.
    • Emotional Reactivity: Emotions shift rapidly & intensely, ranging from idealization to anger.
    • Effort to Avoid Abandonment
    • Unstable Sense of Self
    • Anger Management Problems: Chronic feelings of emptiness & recurrent suicidal thoughts and/or transient psychotic symptoms.
    • Comorbidity High comorbidity with PTSD, depression, substance use disorder, eating disorders, and schizotypal PD; this often predicts less chance of full remission of the diagnosis.

    Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – Etiology (Neurobiological)

    • Genetic Component: Significant genetic heritability (~60%), involved in impulsivity and emotional dysregulation.
    • Neurobiological Factors: Decreased serotonin system functioning and increased amygdala activation.
    • Diagnostic Criteria: A list of specified, associated criteria.

    Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – Etiology (Social Environmental):

    • Parental Separation & Abuse
    • Diathesis-Stress Theory (Linehan, 1987)

    Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – Treatment

    • Difficulty in Treatment: Interpersonal issues in therapy; attempts to manipulate therapists.
    • Medications: Antidepressants and mood stabilizers.
    • Therapy Approaches: Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), mentalization-based therapy, and schema-focused cognitive therapy.

    Other Personality Disorders

    • Histrionic Personality Disorder: Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
    • Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Grandiose sense of self, need for admiration, lack of empathy.
    • Avoidant Personality Disorder: Socially inhibited; feels inadequate; avoid interpersonal situations.
    • Dependent Personality Disorder: Excessive need for care and reassurance; difficulty functioning independently.
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD): Perfectionist; preoccupied with rules, details, schedules; and control. - OCPD is distinguished from OCD.

    Maladaptive Cognitions Associated with Personality Disorders

    • Presents a table of specific maladaptive cognitions hypothesized to be associated with various personality disorders (from Beck & Freeman, 1990).

    Treatment Summary

    • Treatment approaches and specific interventions are listed for schizotypal, Avoidant, and Psychopathic disorders.
    • Copyright 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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    Personality Disorders PowerPoint Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on Chapter 15 of Abnormal Psychology regarding personality disorders. It covers the diagnosis, types, and treatment approaches for these disorders. Understanding the criteria and clusters of personality disorders is crucial for effective therapy and patient relationships.

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