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Questions and Answers
Personality traits are only classified into discrete categories without any continuity.
Personality traits are only classified into discrete categories without any continuity.
False
Subthreshold cases of personality disorders frequently present clinical problems similar to those of definite cases.
Subthreshold cases of personality disorders frequently present clinical problems similar to those of definite cases.
True
The criterion for inclusion of a personality disorder is based solely on the distress to others.
The criterion for inclusion of a personality disorder is based solely on the distress to others.
False
The boundary between normal and abnormal personality is clearly defined and universally accepted.
The boundary between normal and abnormal personality is clearly defined and universally accepted.
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The classification of psychiatric disorders requires precise definitions and boundaries.
The classification of psychiatric disorders requires precise definitions and boundaries.
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Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are known for their deep emotional bonds and strong relationships.
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are known for their deep emotional bonds and strong relationships.
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Psychopathy is classified as a distinct disorder separate from antisocial personality disorder in official diagnostic manuals.
Psychopathy is classified as a distinct disorder separate from antisocial personality disorder in official diagnostic manuals.
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The criteria for borderline personality disorder can be found in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
The criteria for borderline personality disorder can be found in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
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Individuals with borderline personality disorder commonly exhibit secure personal identity.
Individuals with borderline personality disorder commonly exhibit secure personal identity.
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The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is a common tool for assessing psychopathy.
The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is a common tool for assessing psychopathy.
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Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to show a strong sense of guilt and responsibility.
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to show a strong sense of guilt and responsibility.
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Organizations specializing in forensic psychology consider psychopathy irrelevant to criminal behavior.
Organizations specializing in forensic psychology consider psychopathy irrelevant to criminal behavior.
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Individuals with borderline personality disorder usually have stable relationships and show little emotional fluctuation.
Individuals with borderline personality disorder usually have stable relationships and show little emotional fluctuation.
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Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by an intense sense of self-importance and difficulty making friends.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by an intense sense of self-importance and difficulty making friends.
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All personality disorder diagnoses must show behavior that is flexible and adaptive in various situations.
All personality disorder diagnoses must show behavior that is flexible and adaptive in various situations.
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The criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are identical in ICD-10 and DSM-5.
The criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are identical in ICD-10 and DSM-5.
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Suspicious ideas in paranoid individuals can sometimes be mistaken for persecutory delusions.
Suspicious ideas in paranoid individuals can sometimes be mistaken for persecutory delusions.
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All personality disorders typically begin in adulthood.
All personality disorders typically begin in adulthood.
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Cluster A personality disorders include traits such as social charm and excessive friendliness.
Cluster A personality disorders include traits such as social charm and excessive friendliness.
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Personal distress is only caused to oneself in personality disorders.
Personal distress is only caused to oneself in personality disorders.
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Paranoid individuals may appear self-sufficient and secretive.
Paranoid individuals may appear self-sufficient and secretive.
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Diagnostic instruments for personality disorders are primarily useful in clinical practice.
Diagnostic instruments for personality disorders are primarily useful in clinical practice.
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The DSM-5 includes diagnoses for dissocial personality disorder as a specific category.
The DSM-5 includes diagnoses for dissocial personality disorder as a specific category.
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In the DSM-5, personality disorders are classified into four clusters.
In the DSM-5, personality disorders are classified into four clusters.
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The ICD-10 uses the term 'dissocial' for the equivalent of 'antisocial' in DSM-5.
The ICD-10 uses the term 'dissocial' for the equivalent of 'antisocial' in DSM-5.
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Emotionally unstable impulsive personality disorder is recognized in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Emotionally unstable impulsive personality disorder is recognized in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
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Schizotypal personality disorder is classified as a personality disorder in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Schizotypal personality disorder is classified as a personality disorder in both DSM-5 and ICD-10.
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The traditional ten personality diagnoses have been praised for their reliability and theoretical backing.
The traditional ten personality diagnoses have been praised for their reliability and theoretical backing.
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The classification of personality disorders is the same in DSM-5 and ICD-10, with no variations.
The classification of personality disorders is the same in DSM-5 and ICD-10, with no variations.
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Narcissistic personality disorder is included in ICD-10 but not in DSM-5.
Narcissistic personality disorder is included in ICD-10 but not in DSM-5.
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The DSM-5 trialed an assessment based on severity of impairments and introduced a reduction from ten to six categories.
The DSM-5 trialed an assessment based on severity of impairments and introduced a reduction from ten to six categories.
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Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are generally described as emotionally cold and detached.
Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are generally described as emotionally cold and detached.
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Schizoid personality disorder involves individuals who often seek intimate relationships.
Schizoid personality disorder involves individuals who often seek intimate relationships.
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People with schizotypal personality disorder can exhibit odd beliefs and magical thinking.
People with schizotypal personality disorder can exhibit odd beliefs and magical thinking.
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Antisocial personality disorder is merely another term for delinquency.
Antisocial personality disorder is merely another term for delinquency.
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Individuals with schizoid personality disorder usually find pleasure in the activities that most people enjoy.
Individuals with schizoid personality disorder usually find pleasure in the activities that most people enjoy.
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Cluster B personality disorders are the most commonly referred personality disorders in psychiatric practice.
Cluster B personality disorders are the most commonly referred personality disorders in psychiatric practice.
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Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are generally self-important.
Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are generally self-important.
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Schizotypal personality disorder is classified with personality disorders in both ICD-10 and DSM-5.
Schizotypal personality disorder is classified with personality disorders in both ICD-10 and DSM-5.
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People with antisocial personality disorder typically exhibit guilt when they harm others.
People with antisocial personality disorder typically exhibit guilt when they harm others.
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Individuals with schizoid personality disorder are very social and enjoy engaging with others.
Individuals with schizoid personality disorder are very social and enjoy engaging with others.
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Impulsive personality disorder is recognized in DSM-5 as a separate diagnosis.
Impulsive personality disorder is recognized in DSM-5 as a separate diagnosis.
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Both ICD-10 and DSM-5 classify histrionic personality disorder with the same diagnostic criteria.
Both ICD-10 and DSM-5 classify histrionic personality disorder with the same diagnostic criteria.
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Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder often display a grandiose sense of self-importance.
Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder often display a grandiose sense of self-importance.
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The DSM-5 includes a subtype called impulsive type for borderline personality disorder.
The DSM-5 includes a subtype called impulsive type for borderline personality disorder.
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Individuals with emotionally unstable personality disorder often experience chronic feelings of emptiness.
Individuals with emotionally unstable personality disorder often experience chronic feelings of emptiness.
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People with impulsive personality disorder generally experience significant relationship difficulties.
People with impulsive personality disorder generally experience significant relationship difficulties.
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Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by self-dramatization and emotional manipulation.
Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by self-dramatization and emotional manipulation.
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The DSM-5 includes narcissistic personality disorder in its main diagnostic categories.
The DSM-5 includes narcissistic personality disorder in its main diagnostic categories.
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Transient stress-related paranoid ideation is recognized in ICD-10 but not in DSM-5.
Transient stress-related paranoid ideation is recognized in ICD-10 but not in DSM-5.
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Liability to anger and violence is a recognized criterion in DSM-5 for borderline personality disorder.
Liability to anger and violence is a recognized criterion in DSM-5 for borderline personality disorder.
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People with avoidant personality disorder do not crave social relationships despite feeling socially inferior.
People with avoidant personality disorder do not crave social relationships despite feeling socially inferior.
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The term 'anxious' is exclusively used in DSM-5 for avoidant personality disorder.
The term 'anxious' is exclusively used in DSM-5 for avoidant personality disorder.
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A criterion for dependent personality disorder is a lack of compliance in relationships.
A criterion for dependent personality disorder is a lack of compliance in relationships.
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Narcissistic personality disorder includes a sense of entitlement to favors and compliance from others.
Narcissistic personality disorder includes a sense of entitlement to favors and compliance from others.
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One feature of histrionic personality disorder is an over-concern with physical attractiveness.
One feature of histrionic personality disorder is an over-concern with physical attractiveness.
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People with avoidant personality disorder are often very bold in engaging new social experiences.
People with avoidant personality disorder are often very bold in engaging new social experiences.
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High status individuals with narcissistic personality disorder generally display empathy towards others.
High status individuals with narcissistic personality disorder generally display empathy towards others.
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Individuals with avoidant personality disorder are often emotionally cold and do not have close friends.
Individuals with avoidant personality disorder are often emotionally cold and do not have close friends.
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The criteria for narcissistic personality disorder include fantasies of unlimited success and power.
The criteria for narcissistic personality disorder include fantasies of unlimited success and power.
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Liability to tension is a criterion recognized by both DSM-5 and ICD-10 for avoidant personality disorder.
Liability to tension is a criterion recognized by both DSM-5 and ICD-10 for avoidant personality disorder.
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Individuals with dependent personality disorder often feel capable of taking care of themselves.
Individuals with dependent personality disorder often feel capable of taking care of themselves.
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Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is classified under disorders of personality in both ICD-10 and DSM-5.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is classified under disorders of personality in both ICD-10 and DSM-5.
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Those with cyclothymic personality disorder maintain a consistently stable mood.
Those with cyclothymic personality disorder maintain a consistently stable mood.
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People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are typically flexible and adaptable to new situations.
People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are typically flexible and adaptable to new situations.
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The DSM-5 does not use the term 'anankastic' for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
The DSM-5 does not use the term 'anankastic' for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
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Affectively disordered individuals can exhibit both depressive and elated moods simultaneously.
Affectively disordered individuals can exhibit both depressive and elated moods simultaneously.
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People with hyperthymic personality disorder are typically pessimistic and irritable.
People with hyperthymic personality disorder are typically pessimistic and irritable.
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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may hoard worthless objects.
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may hoard worthless objects.
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Dependent personality disorder involves a strong sense of personal autonomy.
Dependent personality disorder involves a strong sense of personal autonomy.
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Excessive scrupulousness is a key characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
Excessive scrupulousness is a key characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
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Study Notes
General Issues in Classification
- Personality traits are continuously distributed while psychiatric disorders are categorized.
- Definitions and boundaries for classification are often imprecise.
- Subthreshold cases present similar clinical problems despite not meeting all criteria for official diagnoses.
Comorbidity and Overlapping Features
- Boundaries between normal and abnormal personality are often blurred.
- Patients frequently exhibit features of multiple personality disorders.
- Structured diagnostic instruments are utilized primarily in research settings.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Characteristics include callousness, irresponsibility, impulsiveness, and a lack of remorse.
- Individuals often engage in exploitative and violent behavior.
- Relationships are typically superficial, unstable, and characterized by a disregard for social norms.
- Reports of substance abuse are common, exacerbating antisocial behavior.
Psychopathy
- Considered a personality trait overlapping with antisocial personality disorder.
- Assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R).
- Key traits include impulsivity and charm combined with exploitation and violence.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
- Defined by ego weakness, poor impulse control, and diffuse personal identity.
- Individuals experience intense emotional fluctuations and seek affection while imposing high demands on their partners.
- Common behaviors include self-harm and substance abuse.
- Diagnoses often struggle with gender biases, mainly affecting young women.
Cluster A Personality Disorders
- Paranoid Personality Disorder: marked by suspicion, mistrust, and belief in self-importance, leading to significant relationship difficulties.
- Schizoid Personality Disorder: characterized by emotional detachment, a lack of interest in relationships, and excessive introspection.
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder: individuals are socially anxious and eccentric, displaying cognitive distortions and odd behavior.
Cluster B Personality Disorders
- This group includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders, often significantly impacting therapeutic practices.
Cluster C Personality Disorders
- Comprises avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, typically characterized by anxiety and rigid behaviors.
ICD-10 vs. DSM-5 Classifications
- Different naming conventions exist, reflecting cultural and clinical variances in understanding disorders.
- Notable discrepancies include the omission of narcissistic personality disorder from ICD-10 and the classification of schizotypal disorder within schizophrenia in ICD-10.
Key Features of Specific Disorders
- Dependent Personality Disorder: characterized by excessive dependence, compliance, and fear of abandonment.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD): preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and rigidity in ethics.
Affective Personality Disorders
- Persistent mood disorders like depressive, hyperthymic, and cyclothymic personality disorders are recognized but classified under mood disorders in both ICD-10 and DSM-5.
Clinical Implications
- Variability in personality disorder classifications reflects diagnostic challenges and theoretical limitations.
- Ongoing research seeks to develop more dimensional and reliable assessment methods to improve understanding and treatment of personality disorders.### Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Diagnostic criteria differ between ICD-10 and DSM-5.
- Liability to tension is a criterion unique to ICD-10.
- Individuals experience persistent tension and feelings of insecurity.
- Lacking self-esteem, they perceive themselves as socially inferior or unappealing.
- Preoccupation with fear of rejection and disapproval is common.
- Concern about embarrassment or ridicule leads to avoidance of social interactions.
- Desire for social relationships exists but is stifled by social anxiety.
- Caution and risk avoidance characterize their behavior, leading to few close friendships.
Dependent Personality Disorder
- Diagnostic criteria are outlined in ICD-10 and DSM-5.
- Individuals allow others to take responsibility for significant life decisions.
- Compliance is evident, yet they hesitate to assert direct demands.
- A profound lack of self-reliance results in feelings of helplessness.
- Dependence on others for guidance and support is common.
- Relationships often involve a more forceful and proactive partner.
- They may seek medical attention primarily when their support system is disrupted.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Characterized by self-dramatization and heightened suggestibility.
- Affected individuals exhibit shallow and unstable emotional expressions.
- There is a strong need for attention and excitement from others.
- Behavior may include inappropriate seductive tendencies.
- Over-concern with physical attractiveness is notable.
- DSM-5 includes two added criteria:
- Speech is excessively impressionistic.
- Relationships are perceived as more intimate than they truly are.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Individuals possess a grandiose sense of self-importance and entitlement.
- Fantasies of unlimited success and power are common.
- They believe in their specialness and require excessive admiration.
- Exploitation of others occurs without concern for their feelings.
- Relationships are marked by envy, both of and from others.
- Manifestations include arrogance, disdain, and condescending behavior.
- The term "narcissistic personality disorder" should be used with caution to avoid biases based on personal feelings.
Key Features of Each Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder: Social inferiority, rejection preoccupation, risk aversion, few social connections.
- Dependent Personality Disorder: Over-reliance on others for decision-making, lack of self-direction, typically in supportive relationships.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder: Attention-seeking behavior, emotional instability, exaggerated relationships.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Self-centeredness, entitlement, lack of empathy, often feeling both superior and envied.
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Description
This quiz explores the complexities of classifying abnormal personalities within psychiatric disorders. It highlights issues related to the continuum of personality traits and the imprecise criteria for diagnosis, including subthreshold cases that present clinical challenges. Test your understanding of these concepts in mental health classification.
