علم التشريح: الجلد والمفاصل والأظافر

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Questions and Answers

أين تقع الغدد الدهنية في الجلد؟

على السطح الخارجي للبشرة

على السطح السفلي المائل للبصيلات (correct)

خارج الجلد تماماً

داخل الأدمة فقط

ما هي وظيفة الزهم في الشعر؟

تغيير لون الشعر

حماية الشعر من التساقط

زيادة معدل نمو الشعر

الحفاظ على مرونة الشعر الناشئ (correct)

ما هي الخصائص الرئيسية للزهم؟

مادة سائلة تعمل كمطهر

مادة دهنية تساعد في الحفاظ على الشعر (correct)

مادة خفيفة تنقضي بسرعة

مادة قاسية تؤدي إلى جفاف الشعر

ما هي المكونات التي تتواجد في الأدمة؟

الغدد الدهنية والبصيلات Signup and view all the answers

ما هو التأثير الذي يحدثه الزهم على الشعر؟

يحافظ على مرونة الشعر Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الشكل العام للسطح الذي يندمج مع الرأس الكروي في المفاصل؟

سطح على شكل كوب Signup and view all the answers

ما هو المصطلح المستخدم للإشارة إلى الرأس الكروي في المفاصل؟

رأس كروي Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الأجزاء الثلاثة للصدر (sternum)؟

المانوبريوم، الجسم، عملية زائفة Signup and view all the answers

أي من الخيارات التالية يعبر عن وظيفة الرأس الكروي في المفاصل؟

توفير حركة سلسة Signup and view all the answers

كيف يكون شكل المانوبريوم؟

أعرض أعلى وأضيق أسفل Signup and view all the answers

ما هي العلاقة بين الرأس الكروي والسطح الكوبى في المفصل؟

الرأس يتناسب مع السطح الكوبى Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي يميز الحدود العليا للمانوبريوم؟

النقطة فوق الترقوة Signup and view all the answers

لماذا يكون الشكل الكوبى فعالاً في المفاصل التي تحتوي على رأس كروي؟

يسمح بحركة متعددة الاتجاهات Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الجزء الذي يسبق الجسم في الصدر؟

المانوبريوم Signup and view all the answers

أي من الخيارات التالية يصف الجسم في الصدر؟

يسمح بالحركة الإضافية للأضلاع Signup and view all the answers

ما هو التركيب الذي يشكل الأظافر؟

صفائح من الكيراتين Signup and view all the answers

أين تقع جذر الظفر؟

الحافة القريبة من اليد أو القدم Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الوظيفة الرئيسية للأظافر؟

توفير الحماية للأصابع Signup and view all the answers

كيف يتم تحديد موقع الأظافر على الجسم؟

على السطح الظهري لأطراف الأصابع Signup and view all the answers

أي من العبارات التالية صحيحة حول الأظافر؟

تتكون من خلايا ميتة Signup and view all the answers

ما هو عدد فقرات العنق البشرية؟

7 Signup and view all the answers

أي من الخصائص التالية تميز الفقرات العنقية النموذجية (من 3 إلى 6)؟

عملية شوكية مزدوجة قصيرة Signup and view all the answers

كيف يمكن وصف الجسم في الفقرات العنقية النموذجية؟

صغير وخفيف Signup and view all the answers

أي من الفقرات العنقية يتم اعتبارها نموذجية؟

الفقرة الرابعة Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الخصائص التي تعطي الفقرات العنقية الرقم 3 إلى 6 ميزتها؟

عملية شوكية مزدوجة وصغيرة Signup and view all the answers

ما هي المناطق التي تحتوي على حزم عديدة من ألياف الكولاجين؟

الرأس، والرقبة الخلفية، راحة اليد، وباطن القدم Signup and view all the answers

ما هو دور ألياف الكولاجين الموجودة في فروة الرأس؟

تثبيت الجلد بالهياكل الأعمق Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الأجزاء الأكثر تأثراً من الجسم بألياف الكولاجين؟

فروة الرأس، الرقبة الخلفية، باطن القدم، وراحة اليد Signup and view all the answers

في أي منطقة من الجسم يعتبر تجميع ألياف الكولاجين ذا أهمية كبيرة؟

فروة الرأس والرقبة الخلفية Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي يسهل عملية ربط الجلد بالهياكل الأعمق؟

وجود ألياف الكولاجين Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Anatomical Structures

Skin: The structure that covers the body and protects it from the environment. It is formed of two layers: epidermis (superficial layer) and dermis (deep layer).
Fascia: A band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs. Two types: superficial and deep.
Muscle: Involved in the production of movement of the body and internal organs. Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Cartilage: A temporary skeleton in a developing fetus that is gradually replaced by bone. It is softer, less rigid, and slightly elastic.
Bones: Modified connective tissue composed of cells (osteocytes), fibers, and matrix. They are hard and calcified. Classified by shape, structure, or development.
Joints: The site where two or more bones are articulated. Classified into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
Ligaments: Fibrous tissue connecting bones.
Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction around joints.
Synovial membrane: Lines the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid.
Blood vessels: Transport blood to and from the structures.
Nervous system: Involved in sensation and function.
Mucous membranes: Line body cavities and passageways that open to the exterior.
Serous membranes: Line closed body cavities.

Skin

Definition: The structure that covers the body and protects it from the environment. It is made up of two layers: epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deep).
Skin lines:
- Flexure lines: Folds of skin over joints, thinner, and firmly attached to underlying structures.
- Papillary ridges: Located on palms, soles, and flexor surfaces of digits, formed of ridges separated by grooves.
- Wrinkle lines: Created by contraction of underlying muscles, and become permanent with age due to loss of skin elasticity.
- Langer lines (tension lines): Represent skin tension in rigor mortis, correspond to collagen orientation in dermis, and follow lines in which surgical incisions heal with minimum scar tissue.

Skin Appendages

Nails: Keratinized plates on dorsal surfaces of fingers and toes. Includes: nail root, nail folds, nail bed
Hairs and hair follicles: Derivatives of epidermis consisting of hair follicle and shaft. Anchored in the skin by hair follicles where sebaceous glands open

Functions of Skin

Protection: From microorganisms and external injury.
Fluid loss prevention.
Regulation of body temperature via sweat glands.
Sensation (pain, touch, temperature) via nerve endings.
Skin moistening by sebaceous glands.

Muscles

Skeletal muscles: Attached to bones by tendons, generate movement. Have origins (fixed end), insertions (movable end), and fleshy part (belly).
Visceral (smooth) muscles: Located in the walls of visceral organs and blood vessels, controlled by involuntary nervous system, responsible for actions like peristalsis.
Cardiac muscles: Found only in the heart, under autonomic control, specialized fibers form the heart's conducting system.
Forms of skeletal muscles: Parallel, oblique, pennate, and multipennate. Examples: Rectus abdominis, Temporalis, Flexor pollicis longus, Rectus femoris, Deltoid.

Muscle Action

Prime movers: The main muscles responsible for a particular movement.
Antagonists: Muscles that oppose the prime mover's action.
Fixators: Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the origin of a prime mover.
Synergists: Muscles that assist a prime mover to prevent unwanted movements in intermediate joints.

Nerve Supply of Muscles

Nerve trunks are mixed nerves, with a mix of motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers.
Enter the muscle at about its midpoint.
Hilton's law: The motor nerve supplying a muscle also supplies branches to the joint the muscle moves and the skin overlying the joint.

Bones

Skeleton: The bony framework that shapes the human body. Composed of cartilage and bone tissue.
Cartilage: Temporary skeleton in the fetus replaced by bone. Found in articular surfaces, costal cartilage, etc.
Bones: Modified connective tissue composed of cells(osteocytes), fibers, and calcified matrix. Classified based on shape.
- Compact (hard or ivory) bones: Form external surfaces of all bones and the shafts of long bones.
- Spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bones: Form the internal structure of bones and ends of long bones, typically filled with bone marrow.
Development of Bones: Membranous and cartilaginous ossification.
- Primary ossification centers: Appear during fetal life in the middle of long bone shafts (diaphysis).
- Secondary ossification centers: Appear in the ends (epiphyses) after birth.
Types of bones: classified by their shape: long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, sesamoid, and sutural.

Axial Skeleton

Skull: Cranium (8 bones) and facial bones (14).
Hyoid bone: Located in the neck.
Vertebral column: Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), coccygeal (4 fused) vertebrae. There are 33 vertebrae in total, with 26 bones. Has curves.
Thoracic cage: Sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages, forms a framework and protects the lungs, heart, etc.

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle: Scapulae and clavicles.
Upper limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Pelvic girdle: Two hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis, fused).
Lower limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Joints

Fibrous joints: Immovable or slightly movable; connected by fibrous tissue. Examples: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
Cartilaginous joints: Slightly movable; connected by cartilage. Examples: synchondroses (primary), symphyses (secondary).
Synovial joints: Freely movable; surrounded by fibrous capsule lined with a synovial membrane. Secrete synovial fluid. Examples: hinge, pivot, condyloid, ellipsoid, saddle, polyaxial (ball and socket).

Respiratory System

Respiration: The process of obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the body.
Respiratory system components:
- Nose: External and nasal cavity.
- Pharynx: A tube-like structure behind the nasal and oral cavities. Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- Larynx: Involved in voice production and a protective sphincter at the inlet of air passages.
- Trachea (windpipe): A tube of fibro-elastic membrane.
- Bronchial tree: Branches of the trachea that lead to the alveoli. Divided into main (primary), lobar (secondary), segmental, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
- Lungs & pleurae: Pair of organs in the thoracic cavity. Pleurae: Serous membranes surrounding lungs, and protecting them and other organs, reducing friction.

Embryology

Embryo describes an organism in the early stages of development.
Fetus describes a developing organism from 8 weeks onwards.
Stages of development: fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the development of the bilaminar embryo. Fertilization: The process of union of sperm and egg. Cleavage: Repeated mitotic divisions after fertilization. Implantation: The embedding of the embryo into the uterine wall. Blastocyst formation occurs as the cleavage divides into different layers of cells called outer cell mass(trophoblast) and inner cell mass (embryoblast). These cells differentiate into different tissues and structures.

Germ Cells

Gametogenesis: The process of forming and developing mature germ cells (sperm and egg).
- Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperms (male germ cells). It occurs in the testes.
- Oogenesis: Formation of ova (female germ cells), beginning in fetal life. Happens in ovaries.

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Description

اختبر معرفتك حول علم التشريح من خلال هذا الاختبار. ستتعرف على الغدد الدهنية، وظيفة الزهم، مكونات الأدمة، وهياكل المفاصل. كما ستتمكن من معرفة المزيد عن الأظافر وعلاقتها بالجسم.