Human Anatomy: Eyelids and Skin Lesions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of parakeratosis?

Scaling of the outer epithelial surface

Acanthosis of the keratin layer

Retention of nuclei in the keratin layer (correct)

Thickening of the prickle cell layer

What is the correct treatment option for a benign eyelid lesion that involves excising the entire lesion along with surrounding tissue?

Marsupialization

Incisional biopsy

Excision biopsy (correct)

Ablation with laser

Which of the following describes a chalazion?

Retention cyst filled with pus

Transitory infection with surrounding redness

Sterile chronic lipogranuloma of glands (correct)

Acute inflammation with pain and swelling

What is a common risk factor for the formation of multiple and recurrent chalazia?

Blepharitis and rosacea Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates an internal hordeolum from a chalazion?

It involves a secondary infection of a meibomian gland Signup and view all the answers

What clinical feature is commonly associated with the benign lesions of eyelids?

Limited growth and uniform color Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following procedures involves creating a small opening for drainage of a cyst?

Marsupialization Signup and view all the answers

What symptom best describes a chronic chalazion?

Painless, gradually enlarging nodule Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of congenital ptosis?

Neuronal migration failure Signup and view all the answers

What type of ptosis is characterized by poor relaxation of the levator muscle in downgaze?

Congenital ptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with myogenic ptosis?

Congenital ptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication following ptosis surgery related to Bell's phenomenon?

Exposure keratopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for trichiasis?

Epilation Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with trichiasis?

Photophobia Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign indicates the presence of trichiasis?

Misdirected lashes Signup and view all the answers

In which age group is treatment for congenital ptosis typically recommended?

During preschool years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eyelids?

Chemical breakdown of tears Signup and view all the answers

What describes a macule in clinical classification?

A localized area of colour change Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical classification refers to a large serous fluid-filled lesion?

Bulla Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the alteration in size and morphology of cellular components?

Dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a solid elevation of the skin greater than 1 cm in diameter?

Plaque Signup and view all the answers

Identify the description that best fits a pustule.

A pus-filled elevation less than 1 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which term specifically refers to abnormal tissue growth?

Neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

What classification describes a nodule?

Palpable solid area greater than 1 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the association of capillary hemangiomas?

They may appear purplish if deeper. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of port-wine stains?

They are sharply demarcated and soft pink. Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of xanthelasmata, recurrence rates can be as high as what percentage?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding neurofibromatosis type 1?

Plexiform neurofibromas can present as an S-shaped deformity. Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is commonly used for port-wine stains?

Pulsed-dye laser therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chalazions is correct?

Chalazions can recur in up to 50% of cases. Signup and view all the answers

What significant association should be considered with multiple cutaneous lesions?

They may be linked with visceral hemangiomas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about fat deposits in xanthelasmata?

They are always intracellular. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of poliosis in the context of ocular conditions?

Chronic anterior blepharitis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the loss of eyelashes?

Madarosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic marginal blepharitis?

Cataracts Signup and view all the answers

What treatment option is considered for chronic eyelid pathologies resulting from lid tumors?

Laser ablation Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic disease is associated with madarosis?

Myxoedema Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anterior blepharitis from posterior blepharitis?

Affected area is the eyelid margins vs. meibomian glands Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is a systemic cause of poliosis?

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of chronic blepharitis?

Corneal ulceration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Distributed across eyelid skin, not just confined to the lid margin.

Pilosebaceous Units

Comprise hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands.

Functions of the Eyelids

Provide sensory and protective effects through cilia surrounding the eye.
Meibomian glands and conjunctival goblet cells secrete components contributing to the tear film's lipid and mucopolysaccharide layers.
Physically protect the eye from trauma.
Reduce tear evaporation.
Aid in distributing the precorneal tear film with eyelid movements.
Facilitate tear drainage into the nasolacrimal duct, preventing epiphora.

Clinical Classification of Skin Lesions

Macule: Localized color change, <1 cm, no infiltration or elevation.
Papule: Solid elevation, <1 cm.
Vesicle: Circumscribed lesion with serous fluid.
Bulla: Large fluid-filled lesion (>0.5 cm).
Pustule: Pus-filled elevation <1 cm.
Cyst: Epithelial-lined cavity filled with fluid/semi-solid material.
Crust: Solidified exudate.
Scale: Detached fragments of shed keratin.
Plaque: Solid elevation >1 cm.
Nodule: Palpable solid area >1 cm.
Papilloma: Benign neoplastic warty or tag-like projection.
Ulcer: Circumscribed epithelial loss extending through the epidermis.

Histological Classification

Tumour: General term for swelling; often denotes neoplasm.
Neoplasia: Abnormal tissue growth.
Atypia: Abnormal appearance of cells.
Dysplasia: Alteration in cellular characteristics.
Carcinoma in situ shows dysplastic changes throughout the epidermis.
Hyperkeratosis: Thickened keratin layer, clinically scaling.
Acanthosis: Thickened prickle cell layer.
Dyskeratosis: Abnormal keratinization.
Parakeratosis: Retained nuclei in the keratin layer.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Eyelid Lesions

Benign lesions typically lack induration, are uniformly colored, grow slowly, and maintain normal lid structures.
Biopsy Types:
- Incisional: part of lesion for histology.
- Excisional: removal of small tumors for diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment techniques include excision, marsupialization for cysts, and laser or cryotherapy.

Benign Eyelid Lesions

Chalazion: Sterile chronic lipogranuloma of meibomian or Zeiss glands.
- Symptoms vary from painless nodules to acute inflammation.
- Causes include refractive errors, blepharitis, and drug side effects.
- Management may involve conservative approaches and excision.
Capillary Hemangioma: Raised red lesion appearing after birth, more common in females.
- Often requires treatment with beta blockers.
Port-Wine Stain: Congenital vascular malformation, sharply demarcated and does not blanch.
- Associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome and ocular features.
Neurofibroma: Benign nerve tumors, solitary or plexiform (associated with neurofibromatosis type 1).

Ptosis

Congenital Ptosis: Due to failed neuronal migration; requires surgery during preschool years to prevent amblyopia.
Acquired Ptosis: Associated with myogenic conditions, characterized by levator aponeurosis defects.

Trichiasis

Misdirected eyelash growth, commonly due to inflammation or surgical history.
- Symptoms include redness and irritation.
- Treatment includes epilation, laser ablation, and surgical options.

Poliosis and Madarosis

Poliosis: Premature whitening of hair, linked to ocular and systemic conditions.
Madarosis: Loss of lashes due to various local and systemic diseases.

Chronic Marginal Blepharitis

Anterior Blepharitis: Affects eyelash bases; may be staphylococcal or seborrheic.
Posterior Blepharitis: Caused by meibomian gland dysfunction; symptoms and complications vary in both forms.

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Description

Explore the intricate functions of the eyelids, including protective roles and their contribution to tear film stability. This quiz also covers clinical classifications of various skin lesions, from macules to cysts, enhancing your understanding of dermatology and anatomy.