Zoology Unit 4 Multicellular Organization PDF

Zoology UNIT 4 MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION Zoology Lesson 4.2: Organ and Systems Lesson 4.3: Body Plan of Multicellular Animals Zoology OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to : Define organs and systems; a. I...

Zoology UNIT 4 MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION Zoology Lesson 4.2: Organ and Systems Lesson 4.3: Body Plan of Multicellular Animals Zoology OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to : Define organs and systems; a. Identify major organ systems in multicellular animals and describe their primary functions; b. Compare and contrast the body plans of multicellular organisms; and c. Explain the significance of body symmetry in the organization and function of multicellular organization. Zoology Zoology BODY PLAN OF MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS Zoology  O rgans:T he FunctionalU nits A n organisa group oftissuesthat w ork togetherto perform aspecificfunction. T hestudy of how tissuesarearranged to form organsiscalled organology. T heskin,liver,brain,stomach,andlungs areallexam plesof organs,each with a unique role to playin the body'soverallfunction. Parenchyma The chief functional cells of an organ are its parenchyma. These cells are are responsible for the organ's primary function. Stroma The supporting tissues of an organ are its stroma. These tissues provide structure provide structure and support to the parenchyma. Systems: Integrated Groups of Organs Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to carry out one of the basic functions common to all animals. Each system is essential for maintaining life and ensuring the body's proper functioning. body's proper functioning. System Function Body Covering (Integument) Protection from the environment Skeletal System Support and protection of the body Muscular System Movement and locomotion Digestive System weception and preparation of food Circulatory System Transport of materials Respiratory System Exchange of Oxygen and carbon dioxide Excretory System Disposal of organic wastes and excess fluid weproductive System troduction of new individuals Nervous System (and Sense Organs) Regulation of internal processes and adjustments to exterior environment Endocrine System Regulate short-term and long term activities by sending hormones throughout the body Body Plan of Multicellular Animals Multicellular animals exhibit increasing complexity in their body organization, reflected in their symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, and cephalization. 1 S ym m etry 2 Body Cavity Symmetry refers to balanced proportion or correspondence of parts on The coelom is a cavity between the gut and body wall in more complex animals. opposite sides of a median plane. 3 Metamerism (Segmentation) 4 Cephalization M etamerism isthe presence ofsimilarrepeated unitsalong the Cephalization features an anterior head end and a posterior tail end, with body'slongitudinalaxis. with concentrated nervous tissues and sense organs in the head. Symmetry: A Reflection of Form Four types of symmetry are recognized in animals: spherical, radial, biradial, and bilateral symmetry. Spherical Symmetry RadialS ym m etry Biradial Symmetry Found chiefly among some protozoans, A ppliesto forms with acentral A variant of radial symmetry where protozoans, where any plane passing axisaround w hichsimilarbody only two planes passing through the passing through the center divides the partsare concentrically arranged. central axis produce mirrored halves. divides the body into equivalent halves. Exam plesincludesponges, An example is the sea walnut. halves. hydras,jellyfish,andsea urchins. Bilateral Symmetry: The Foundation of Complexity Bilateral symmetry is a characteristic of all more complex animals, including larval echinoderms. A bilaterally symmetrical animal can be divided into roughly mirror-image right and left halves, with an upper, or dorsal, surface, and a lower, or ventral surface. Advantages of Bilateral Symmetry Cephalization Evolutionary Significance Bilateralsym m etryisoften accom panied by Bilateral symmetry has been a key factor in the Bilateral symmetry allows for efficient movement and cephalization,w here nervoustissuesandsense diversification and success of animal life on Earth. directed sensory perception, contributing to the organsare concentratedin the head. evolution of complex organisms. Body Cavity: The Internal Space More complex animals have evolved a cavity located between the gut and body wall called a coelom. This cavity serves a variety of functions, including providing space and protection for internal organs, increasing body flexibility, and permitting greater size and complexity. 1 Acoelomate Sim pleanimalslike cnidariansand flatw ormslackacoelom, with nointernal space between theirbody walland gut. 2 Pseudocoelomate Roundworms have a pseudocoel, a space between the body wall and gut with a different embryological origin than a true coelom. 3 Coelomate More complex animals have a true coelom, which provides space and protection for protection for internal organs, increases body flexibility, and permits greater size and size and complexity. Metamerism: The Repetition of Units M etamerism isthe presence ofsimilarrepeated unitsin thelongitudinalaxisof the body. Each unit orsegmentiscalled a m etamere orsomite. M etamerism can be external,internal,or both. Earthw orm Earthworms exhibit external and internal metamerism, with repeated segments containing containing muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and setae. Vertebrates In vertebrates, metamerism is evident in the series of similar vertebrae in the spine, although spine, although other segments may be specialized for specific functions. Zoology SYMMETRY Zoology SYMMETRY Zoology BODY CAVITY Zoology METAMERISM Zoology METAMERISM Zoology CEPHALIZATION Zoology HOMOLOGY Structures from different species which have similar internal frameworks and positions are considered to be homologous. Zoology ANALOGY Analogous structures have similar functions but different origin. Zoology Zoology Reproduction Immune response Respiration Digestion Metabolism Homeostasis Circulation Zoology Skull Ribs Mouth Esophagus Stomach Zoology Large Intestine Small Intestine Lungs Heart Brain Liver Skin Ovaries Testes Zoology Zoology Zoology Your heart is a vital organ. It is a muscle that pumps blood to all parts of your body. The blood pumped by your heart provides your body with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function. Your heart is about the size of a clenched fist, and weighs between 300 and 450 g. Blood pressure refers to the amount of force the pumping blood exerts on arterial walls. Zoology The location of the heart of a vertebrate is different. Birds have larger hearts compare to other vertebrates. Small animals have larger hearts in proportion to their size than do the larger forms. Larger in wild animals than in domestic animals. Humans- 9 to 11 ounces and little larger in males than in females. Blood vessels of the heart The blood vessels of the heart include: coronary arteries – like any other organ or tissue, the heart needs oxygen. The coronary arteries sit on the surface of the heart and supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen aorta – this is the largest artery in the body. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped into the aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta divides into various branches that deliver blood all around the body pulmonary arteries – blood low in oxygen is pumped by the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries that link to the lungs pulmonary veins – the pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart venae cavae –blood low in oxygen is delivered to the right atrium by two veins. One (superior vena cava) carries blood from the head and upper torso, while the other (inferior vena cava) carries blood from the lower body Lungs They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation). The stomach becomes weary by being kept constantly at work; the remedy such require is to eat less frequently and less liberally, and be satisfied with plain, simple food, eating twice, or, at most, three times a day—How to Live 1:56. ahUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL LARGE ANAL CANAL & INTESTINE INTESTINE ANUS ahUTH tHAwYbX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL LARGE ANAL CANAL & INTESTINE INTESTINE ANUS  Basic concepts about digestive system 01 Ingestion Assimilation 04 We use our hands to put something like Absorbed food in use to food, medicine and other substances in our mouth. provide energy or form new protoplasm 02 Digestion The process that breaks down large pieces of food into forms that the cell can Excretion/Egestion 05 use. Removal of the 03 Absorption undigested food Making food into cells  aouth It is the beginning of the digestive tract. The part in which the food is take. The mouth is where food is first processed mechanically and chemically.  Ingestion Ingestion or eating is the process of taking food into the body through mouth.  Mechanical Digestion happens when food is bitten, torn, and crushed by teeth. Chemical digestion begins when amylase breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.  The teeth are bone-like structures in the upper and lower parts of the mouth. They are responsible for chewing, which is grinding and crushing of food. Salivary glands are structures in the mouth that produce saliva, that keeps the mouth moist and clean.  The tongue is a movable muscular organ inside the mouth. It pushes the food around the mouth during mastication. The surface of the tongue has projections called papillae, some of which have taste buds. Taste buds are the structures responsible for identifying the taste of food.  tharynx When the bolus, which is what becomes of food after chewing and mixing with saliva, is swallowed, it moves from the back of the mouth to the pharynx. The pharynx or throat is a thin-walled chamber at the back of the mouth that leads to either the respiratory tract or to the digestive tract.  Esophagus It is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It moves the bolus down to the stomach through the rhythmic muscle contractions called peristalsis.  Esophagus It moves the bolus down to the stomach through the rhythmic muscle contractions called peristalsis.  Stomach Glands Pepsin enzyme-digest proteins from chyme Mucosal glands-protects the stomach from harmful effects of gastric acid and enzymes  Small intestine It is a long tube that measures to about 4 cm in diameter. Located between the stomach and the large intestine.  This is where further digestion and nutrient absorption take place.  Villi or the finger like structures provide a huge surface area for nutrient absorption.  Accessory digestive organs LIVER tAbCwEAS GALLBLADDER LIVER absorbs excess amino acids stores glycogen and fat- soluble vitamins produces agents that mediate bone growth; and produce bile. PANCREAS It is located behind the stomach and the lower ribs. Insulin- hormone that decreases blood sugar level  Large intestine Shorter and wider than the small intestine The main function of this organ are reabsorption of water and formation and movement of feces to the anus. Large intestine Large intestine  Anal Canal and Anus After having been filtered for nutrients for the last time, the undigested materials pass into the anal canal and is removed through the anus by strong muscle contraction in the rectum.  Egestion/Elimination/Excretion It is the release of undigested food collected in the rectum called feces and pushed out of the body through the anus by defecation. MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS SThaACH SMALL LAwGE ANAL CANAL & INTESTINE IbTESTIbE ANUS 1. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? 2. What is the large intestine for? 3. How is undigested food eliminated from the body? Reproduction and Reproductive Process in Farm Animals  Fission Fission, also called binary fission, occurs in some invertebrate, multi- celled organisms. It is in some ways analogous to the process of binary fission of single-celled prokaryotic organisms. The Anthopleura artemisia sea anemone can reproduce through fission.  Fission Fission, also called binary fission, occurs in some invertebrate, multi- celled organisms. It is in some ways analogous to the process of binary fission of single-celled prokaryotic organisms. The Anthopleura artemisia sea anemone can reproduce through fission.  Fragmentation Fragmentation is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the parts are big enough, a separate individual will regrow from each part  Sexual Reproduction Hermaphroditism occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems. The Anthopleura artemisia sea anemone can reproduce through fission.  Sexual Reproduction Fertilization The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. This can occur either inside (internal fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) the body of the female. Humans provide an example of the former, whereas frog reproduction is an example of the latter. References: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/13-1-how-animals-reproduce/ https://opentextbc.ca/biology/wp- content/uploads/sites/96/2015/02/Figure_18_01_04ab.jpg Chanco, C. R. General Zoology. 2nd Edition. Pasay City, Philippines, 2012. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigur e%2FThreedifferent-type-of-symmetry-in-organisms-from-left-to-right-bilateral- radialand_fig1_344949093&psig=AOvVaw2v0guPRD77VUUUToVRGLX1&ust=172741689 0583000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCIjgkcP334gDF QAAAAAdAAAAABAE https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftop ics%2Fmathematics%2Fradialsymmetry&psig=AOvVaw2v0guPRD77VUUUToVRGLX1&ust =1727416890583000&source=images&cd=v fe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCIjgkcP334gDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRSo7o9NrMFDHWL0qkeJ93mt obnnDxoo5cudQ&s